The Mediterranean diet represents the traditional foods and eating patterns found in countries that border the Mediterranean Sea. The origins of these foods and patterns go back to ancient Greek and Roman times. Mediterranean diet has been the subject of more medical research than any other regional or ethnic diet. The famous Seven Countries Study (published in 1980) concluded that the type of fat in the diet is more important than the amount and that the use of monounsaturated fats, particularly olive oil, correlates with a lower risk of heart attack and stroke. Lifestyle factors may also contribute to the beneficial effects of Mediterranean cooking. There is generally a more relaxed and social attitude toward life combined with good levels of physical activity. There are no major risks associated with following a traditional Mediterranean diet. This Guide provides a useful overview of what many call the best diet in the world.