Preface ix 1 Lithium Metal Batteries 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Types 2 1.2.1 Lithium-Oxygen Batteries 2 1.2.1.1 Working Mechanism of Li-O2 Batteries 2 1.

2.1.2 Cathode Design of Li-O2 Batteries 4 1.2.1.3 Anode Protection of Li-O2 Batteries 8 1.2.2 Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 11 1.

2.2.1 Conductive Matrixes for S Cathode 12 1.2.2.2 Modifying Separators of Li-S Batteries 15 1.2.2.

3 Electrolyte Design for Li-S Batteries 17 1.2.2.4 Anode Protection for Li-S Batteries 18 1.2.3 Lithium-Selenium or -Tellurium Batteries 22 1.2.3.

1 Lithium-Selenium Batteries 22 1.2.3.2 Lithium-Tellurium Batteries 29 1.2.4 Lithium-Iodine/Bromine Batteries 31 1.2.4.

1 Lithium-Iodine Batteries 31 1.2.4.2 Lithium-Bromine Battery 36 1.2.5 TMO Batteries 37 1.3 Introductive Electrolytes 41 1.4 Prospects 44 References 45 2 Electrode-Electrolyte Interphase 55 2.

1 Introduction 55 2.2 Solid Electrolyte Interphase 55 2.2.1 Concept and Roles 55 2.2.2 Types and Modification Strategies 56 2.3 Cathode Electrolyte Interphase 66 2.3.

1 Concept and Roles 66 2.3.2 Types and Modification Strategies 66 References 75 3 Safe Electrolytes 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Flame-Retardant Mechanism 80 3.3 Flame-Retardant Electrolytes 80 3.4 Nonflammable Electrolytes 85 3.5 Prospects 93 References 95 4 High-Voltage Electrolytes 99 4.

1 Introduction 99 4.2 The General Implications of High-Voltage Electrochemical Operation 101 4.2.1 Electrochemical Stability and Voltage Window for Electrolytes 101 4.2.2 Parasitic Electrolyte Oxidation and Formation of CEI 102 4.2.3 Metal Ion Diffusion, Surface Structural Reconstruction, and Mechanical Fracture of Cathode Materials 106 4.

2.4 Instability of Other Cell Components at High Voltage 109 4.3 The Electrolyte Engineering for Various High-Voltage Cathodes 111 4.3.1 Nickel-Containing Layered Oxides 111 4.3.2 LiCoO2 116 4.3.

3 Layered Li-Rich Cathodes 120 4.3.4 Other Cathode Materials 121 4.4 Conclusions 127 References 127 5 Extreme Temperature Electrolytes 133 5.1 Low-Temperature Electrolytes 133 5.1.1 The Limitations of Battery Performance at Low Temperature 133 5.1.

2 The Improvement of Electrolytes 137 5.2 High-Temperature Electrolytes 143 5.2.1 The Limitations of Battery Performance at High Temperature 144 5.2.2 The Improvement of Electrolytes 148 5.3 Prospective 151 References 152 6 High-Concentration Electrolytes 157 6.1 High-Concentration Electrolytes 157 6.

1.1 Concept, Design Strategies 157 6.1.2 Developments 158 6.2 Local High-concentration Electrolytes 168 6.2.1 Concept, Design Strategies 169 6.2.

2 Developments 169 6.3 Prospects 178 References 178 7 Theoretical Basis for Electrolyte and Electrode Study 183 7.1 Redox Potential 183 7.1.1 Theoretical Basis 183 7.1.2 Solvents and Salts 185 7.1.

3 Redox Potential of the Complex 186 7.2 Solvation Structure 187 7.2.1 Basic Theory 187 7.2.2 Influencing Factors and Implicit Solvent Model 188 7.2.3 Solvation Analysis 189 7.

2.4 De-Solvation 190 7.3 Lithium Diffusion 192 7.3.1 Lithium Diffusion in SEI 192 7.3.2 Lithium Diffusion in Electrode Material 194 7.3.

2.1 Calculation of Electrode Materials 194 7.3.2.2 Equilibrium Voltage 194 7.3.2.3 Ionic Mobility 195 7.

4 Conclusion 195 References 196 8 Outlook 199 Index 203.