Acknowledgements Introduction PART ONE: Input, interaction, and negotiation 1 Communicating inside and outside the classroom Introduction 'Teacher Talk' - Activity: Giving explanations 'Learner talk' Terms for 'negotiation' Comprehension - Complexity of comprehension - Comprehension and foreign language development Summary - Suggestions for further reading 2 Simplicity and accessibility - Activity: Beyond the text Comprehension resources Non-linguistic simplification - Context - Background knowledge - Activity Simple = accessible? Simplifying texts Explanation Accessible versus noticeable Summary - Suggestions for further reading 3 Teacher Talk - Activity: The hat seller Input modifications Interaction modifications - Activity Modifications of information choice - Descriptive detail Logical links Assumed socio-cultural gaps Implications for classroom practice Summary - Suggestions for further reading 4 Modification research: findings and implications Problems of measurement - Activity: What do students understand? Effects on comprehension - Input modifications - Interaction modifications Modifications of information choice Effects on learning - Implications for classroom practice Summary - Suggestions for further reading PART TWO: Classroom applications - interaction-based teaching Introduction 5 Teaching listening - Activity: Spoken language Problem-solving strategies - Paused listening tasks Types of listening Grading - Interaction-based grading Summary - Suggestions for further reading 6 Teaching speaking - Activity: Questions in class Teacher-learner interaction Learner-learner interaction Setting up negotiation tasks - Introducing negotiation - Grouping - Distributing the information Feedback - Teacher-learner feedback - Learner-learner feedback - Combining learner and teacher feedback Summary - Suggestions for further reading 7 Teaching reading - Activity: A difficult text Choice of texts: authenticity Interaction with texts - Think-aloud interpretation - Reciprocal teaching - Modifying a text Interaction about texts - Question-setting Summary - Suggestions for further reading 8 Teaching writing Writing as interaction - Decomposition Classroom writing: the role of the reader Classroom writing: the role of the teacher - Activity: A writing lesson Feedback during writing - Learner-initiated feedback Feedback after writing - Clarification requests Summary - Suggestions for further reading 9 Postscript Four reasons for not changing anything 'We don't have the resources' 'Our classes are too large for interaction' 'Our students don't expect to be taught that way' 'We haven't been trained to teach like this' Glossary Bibliography Index.