Preface vii Abbreviations x 1 Ecological genetics 1 Summary 1 1.1 What is ecological genetics? 1 1.2 Why study ecological genetics? 3 References 4 2 Markers and sampling in ecological genetics 6 Summary 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Methods of data generation 7 2.3 Principles of sampling 15 2.4Practice 20 2.5 Within-population sampling 22 2.

6 Among-population sampling 34 2.7 Power analysis 34 2.8 Further reading 35 Essential methods information 36 References 45 3 Genetic diversity and differentiation 52 Summary 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Factors influencing diversity and differentiation 53 3.3 The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 58 3.4Genetic diversity 62 3.5 Genetic differentiation 69 3.

6 Genetic distance 81 3.7 Statistical approaches 86 3.8 Use of genetic diversity statistics 89 3.9 Concluding remarks 100 3.10 Further reading 100 References 100 4 Gene flow and mating system 106 Summary 106 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Factors governing gene flow 107 4.3 Considerations for measuring gene flow 115 4.

4 Measuring gene flow - indirect estimates 122 4.5 Measuring gene flow - direct estimates 134 4.6 The importance of biological and environmental factors on gene flow 143 References 145 5 Intraspecific phylogenies and phylogeography 150 Summary 150 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 Homology, gene trees, and species trees 157 5.3 Tree form and building 159 5.4Tree interpretation 170 5.5 Organelle versus nuclear intraspecific phylogenies 179 5.

6 Further reading 180 Essential methods information 181 References 185 6 Speciation and hybridization 189 Summary 189 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Species 190 6.3 Speciation 194 6.4 Hybridization 204 6.5 Analysis of speciation and hybridization 206 6.6 Future developments 233 6.7 Further reading 233 References 233 7 Case studies in ecological genetics: Lycaenid butterflies, ragworts, bears, and oaks 243 Summary 243 7.

1 Introduction 244 7.2 Lycaenid butterflies 244 7.3 European ragworts 257 7.4Brown bears 265 7.5 European oaks 274 References 292 Appendix A: Data analysis software 300 Appendix B: Which distance algorithm should be used and when? 306 Glossary 313 Index 320.