Part 1 Background: Waste Minimization; Basic Principles of Separation Science; Types of Separation Processes Used in Waste Minimization. Part 2 Specific Separations by Mechanical Forces: Separation of Solids; Settling and Flotation Filtration and Drying; Centrifuging and Cycloning. Part 3 Specific Separations by Differential Rates: Chemical Precipitation and Sedimentation; Membrane Processes; Electrostatic Precipitation and Electrochemical Processes. Part 4 Specific Separations Based on Equilibrium: Evaporation and Crystallization; Distillation Absorption, Stripping, and Scrubbing; Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and Reversible Reactions with Solids; Solvent Extraction, Solvent Precipitation, and Leaching.