Table of Contents Chapter 1 Overview 1.1Prebiotic origin of phosphorus 1.2Phosphorus and biological small molecules 1.3Phosphorus and biological macromolecules 1.4The scientific questions on the origin of life References Chapter 2 Occurrence 2.1 Phosphate esters--the functional center of biological systems 2.2 The important roles of phosphate esters 2.3 The chemical stabilities of phosphate esters 2.

4 Phosphoryl group transfer catalyzed by enzymes 2.5 Phosphorus can't be replaced by other elements 2.6 Natural evolution determined the key roles of phosphorus in life References Chapter 3 Phosphorus chose -amino acids 3.1 Amino acids and origin of life 3.2 The chemical diversities of amino acids and function 3.3 The prebiotic formation of amino acids 3.4 Peptide formation under prebiotic conditions 3.5 Phosphorus chemistry and prebiotic peptide formation 3.

6 Phosphorus chemistry and molecular evolution of high energy P-N bonds References Chapter 4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids--a chemical model of P-N bond 4.1 N-Phosphoryl amino acids and chemical evolution of life 4.2 Prebiotic formation of N-phosphoryl amino acids 4.3 Chemical reactions of N-phosphoryl amino acids 4.4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids--small chemical model for biological P-N bonds References Chapter 5 Coevolution of nucleic acids and protein, and the origin of genetic code 5.1 The main stages of life origin 5.2 The origin of genetic codes 5.3 Chemical evolution of genetic codes 5.

4 N-Phosphoryl amino acids: co-evolution model of nucleic acids and proteins 5.5 The interactions of amino acids and nucleotides in the process of peptide formation catalyzed by phosphorus reagents References Chapter 6 Phosphoryl group transfer reaction of pentacoordinate phosphorus amino acids 6.1 The advancement of phosphoryl group transfers 6.2 The mechanism of intramolecular phosphorus transfer 6.3 The mechanism of intermolecular phosphoryl group transfer between amino acids References Chapter 7 Pentacoordinatebisamino acids spirophosphoranes 7.1 The roles of amino acids pentacoordinate phosphorus compounds in biological systems 7.2 The synthetic methods of pentacoordinatebisamino acids spirophosphoranes 7.3 Characterization of chiral pentacoodinatebisamino acids spirophosphoranes References Chapter 8 The chemical mode for the origin of amino acid homochirality 8.

1 Origin of chirality 8.2 The chemical model of amino acids homochirality 8.3 The interactions of nucleotides and amino acids 8.4 Molecular modeling of the binding mode References Chapter 9 N-Phosphoryl amino acids and the origin of cell membranes 9.1 The prebiotic origins of cell and its evolution 9.2 Membrane formations based on amphiphilic N-phosphoryl amino acids 9.3 The evolution of prebiotic membranes 9.4 N-Phosphorus amino acids and the origins of life References Chapter 10 Discovery of seryl-histidine dipeptide and its function 10.

1 "Mini-protease" Ser-His peptide 10.2 DNA cleavage of by Ser-His 10.3 Proteins cleavage by Ser-His 10.4 The prototype for modern enzymes Ser-His peptide References Chapter 11 Interactions of ATP with amino acids 11.1 Small molecules-based origin and evolution of proteins 11.2 The chemical structures of ATP and interactions with amino acids References Chapter 12 Conclusion and Exploration 12.1 Origin of life 12.2 Life originated from ocean 12.

3 Life Exploration by determination of stable isotopic oxygen in phosphate salts References.