Chapter 1. Sexuality: Pathways to Understanding Sexuality Is a Broader Concept than SexStudying Sexuality Has Practical BenefitsSexuality Has Changed over TimeSexuality has been influenced by evolutionSociety has changed sexualityBox: Meet My DadsUrbanization has been a curse and a blessingMarriage has been transformedBox: The Media: TV or Not TV?Sex researchers followed diverse pathsBox: Freud and Hirschfeld: Contrasting Theories on Sexual OrientationSexuality Can Be Studied with a Wide Variety of MethodsBiomedical research focuses on the underlying mechanisms of sexPsychology includes diverse approaches to sexualityCultural anthropology focuses on sexual diversity across culturesSociologists focus on the connection between sex and societyThe economic approach weighs costs and benefitsOrganizations promote sex researchChapter 2. Women''s BodiesThe Whole Body Is an Erogenous ZoneA Woman''s Vulva Includes Her Mons, Labia, Vaginal Opening, and ClitorisThere is more to the clitoris than meets the eyeBox: Pubic Hair RemovalThe appearance of the vaginal opening is variableBox: Female Genital CuttingThe Vagina Is the Outermost Portion of the Female Reproductive TractThe vagina undergoes changes during arousalThe G-spot is a controversial erogenous zoneThe Anus Can Also Be a Sex OrganBox: Genital Self-ExaminationThe Uterus Serves a Double DutyCancer can affect the cervix or the endometriumOther uterine conditions include fibroids, endometriosis, abnormal bleeding, and prolapseShould hysterectomy be so common?The Oviducts Are the Site of FertilizationThe Ovaries Produce Ova and Sex HormonesBox: The Feedback Loop That Controls Female Hormone ProductionMenstruation Is a Biological Process with Cultural and Practical AspectsThe menstrual cycle has three phasesThe cycle is driven by hormonal changesDoes the menstrual cycle influence sexuality?Attitudes toward menstruation varyWomen use pads, tampons, or cups during menstruationBox: Where Tampons Aren''t an OptionMenstrual Problems Are Common but TreatableMenstrual pain may or may not reflect underlying pelvic diseasePremenstrual syndrome has physical and psychological aspectsMenstruation stops during pregnancy--and for other reasonsSex steroids affect more than the reproductive tractThe Breasts Have Both Erotic and Reproductive SignificanceBreast Cancer Mortality Can Be ReducedMany factors affect the risk of breast cancerClinical breast exams save livesTreatment depends on the diagnostic findings and the woman''s choiceChapter 3. Men''s BodiesThe Male External Genitalia Are the Penis and ScrotumThe penis combines erotic, reproductive, and urinary functionsBox: Male CircumcisionSome disorders affect penile functionBox: How Big Should a Penis Be?Box: DiphalliaPenile Erection Involves Nerves, Blood, and ChemistryErection is the filling of the penis with bloodMuscles are also involved in erectionErections occur during sleepThe scrotum regulates the temperature of the testiclesThe Testicles Produce Sperm and Sex HormonesBox: Declining Sperm CountsCancer and other disorders can affect the testiclesOther glands contribute secretions to the semenWhat is semen?Ejaculation Requires Coordination of Muscles and GlandsThe testicles secrete sex hormonesBox: The Secret Life of SemenThe brain and pituitary gland regulate hormone levelsBox: Steroids and SportsNudity Is Culturally RegulatedChapter 4. Sex Development and DiversityGenes and Hormones Guide Sex DevelopmentFemale and male reproductive tracts develop from different precursorsFemale and male external genitalia develop from the same precursorsThe gonads descend during developmentPuberty is sexual maturationThe brain also differentiates sexuallySex Development Is Not Always BinaryUnusual sets of chromosomes affect growth and fertilityThe gonads or genitals may be sexually ambiguousBox: My Life with Androgen Insensitivity SyndromeThere Are Sex Differences in Many Mental TraitsGender identity does not always match anatomical sexWomen and men differ in a variety of cognitive and personality traitsThere are many differences in sexualityMany sex differences arise early in lifeBiological Factors Underlie Sex DifferencesEvolutionary forces act differently on females and malesBox: Gendered Play in PrimatesExperiments demonstrate a role for sex hormonesLife Experiences Mold Sex RolesGirls and boys are socialized differentlyCognitive developmental models emphasize thought processesTransgender People Challenge Society''s Deepest DivisionBox: The Boy Who Was Raised as a GirlTransexual individuals are of more than one kindBox: Trans Men and Women in Cross-Cultural PerspectiveChanging sex is a multistage processMany transgender people do not want surgeryTrans people struggle for awareness and acceptanceBox: Tempest in a ToiletChapter 5. Attraction, Arousal, and ResponseSexual Attraction: It Takes TwoBeauty is not entirely in the eye of the beholderCulture influences the attractiveness of bodiesBox: Culture and Body WeightAttractiveness involves senses besides visionBehavior and personality influence sexual attractivenessFamiliarity may increase or decrease attractionPerceived attractiveness varies around the menstrual cycleAsexual women and men do not experience sexual attractionSexual Arousal Has Multiple RootsFantasy is a common mode of sexual arousalArousal occurs in response to a partnerGonadal steroid hormones influence sexual arousabilityConditioning may influence arousalSexual Arousal Follows a Response CycleBox: Aphrodisiacs and DrugsIn the excitement phase, genital responses beginIn the plateau phase, arousal is maintainedOrgasm is the climax of sexual arousalBox: Female EjaculationBrain imaging suggests where orgasm may be experiencedBox: Foot OrgasmsIn the resolution phase, arousal subsidesThe phases may be linked in different waysMen experience a refractory periodPituitary hormones influence the sexual response cycleThe Masters and Johnson cycle may be incompletePeople Derive Pleasure from Diverse Sexual BehaviorsChapter 6. Sexual BehaviorMasturbation Is a Very Common Form of Sexual ExpressionBox: Sex and HappinessNegative attitudes toward masturbation are still prevalentSeveral demographic factors influence masturbationWomen use more diverse techniques of masturbation than menGay people masturbate more than heterosexualsThe Kiss Represents True Love--SometimesSexual Touching Takes Many FormsOral Sex Is Increasingly PopularFellatio is oral stimulation of the penisCunnilingus is oral stimulation of the vulvaMost Male-Female Sex Includes CoitusCoitus can be performed in many different positionsBox: Progress in Coitus ResearchThe man-above position is a traditional favoriteThe 1970s women''s movement encouraged alternative positionsAnal Sex May Be a Part of Either Opposite-sex or Male Same-sex BehaviorMen and Women May Have Different Preferences for Sexual EncountersSex Toys Are Used to Enhance Sexual PleasureSex May Be in GroupsBox: What Is "Great Sex"?Sexual Behavior and Attitudes Vary Across CulturesThe Kama Sutra is the classic work on how to make loveTaoists recommended the avoidance of ejaculationThe Aka emphasize the importance of frequent sexBox: Dry SexMany Disabled People Have Active Sex LivesMany intellectually disabled people are competent to make sexual choicesSpinal cord injuries present a major challenge to sexual expressionArthritis is the number one disability affecting sexPeople Are Having Less Partnered SexChapter 7. Sexual RelationshipsSexual Relationships Are Motivated by Many FactorsDemographic Factors Affect Sexual AttitudesBox: Who May Marry?Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men than to WomenHooking up--the new norm?Box: Straight Women, Gay SexThe hookup culture--some like it, some loathe itCasual sex is more accepted in the gay male communityNegotiating sex involves flirtingNon-Cohabiting Relationships Are Often Short-LivedLong-distance relationships can be very successfulSame-sex relationships have their own scriptsNon-cohabiting relationships may evolve rapidlyLove Cements Many Sexual RelationshipsThere are different kinds of loveLiking and reciprocal attraction precede falling in loveResearchers are probing the biological basis of loveLife Experiences Mold Our Sexual RelationshipsRelationship styles are influenced by childhood attachmentsCouples in relationships resemble each otherCommunication Is a Key Factor in the Success of RelationshipsCommunication may be inhibited by upbringing or by the gender barrierMarriage and relationship education teaches communication skillsHow couples deal with conflict affects the stability of their relationshipsIn sexual relationships, sex mattersBox: Lasting Relationships: Gottman''s Seven PrinciplesLove, Jealousy, and Infidelity Are IntertwinedJealousy can have a positive functionUnrequited Love Is Painful for Both PartiesThe rejector may experience guiltExtra-Pair Relationships Have Many Styles and MotivationsPersonal and evolutionary factors influence infidelityBox: We Just ClickedExtra-pair relationships are uncommonChapter 8.

Fertility, Pregnancy, and ChildbirthPregnancy and Childbirth Raise Major Health ConcernsThe Fertilization of an Ovum Is Followed by ImplantationBox: Birth FactsPregnancy Is Confirmed by Hormonal TestsInfertility Can Result from a Problem in the Woman or in the ManA variety of factors can reduce sperm countsBox: The Scent of an OvumSperm can be donatedIn vitro fertilization can circumvent many sperm problemsAbnormalities of the female reproductive tract may reduce fertilityFailure to ovulate can be dealt with by drugs or by egg donationBox: Choosing Children''s SexSurrogate mothers bear children for othersAdoption is limited by the supply of healthy infantsFertility declines with ageBox: Commercial Gestational Surrogacy--An Ethical MinefieldMany Embryos Do Not SurviveRh factor incompatibility can threaten second pregnanciesEctopic pregnancy can endanger the mother''s lifePregnancy Is Conventionally Divided into Three TrimestersThe First Trimester Is a.