Chapter 1. Sexuality: Pathways to Understanding Sexuality Is a Broader Concept than Sex Studying Sexuality Has Practical Benefits Sexuality Has Changed over Time Sexuality has been influenced by evolution Society has changed sexuality Box: Meet My Dads Urbanization has been a curse and a blessing Marriage has been transformed Box: The Media: TV or Not TV? Sex researchers followed diverse paths Box: Freud and Hirschfeld: Contrasting Theories on Sexual Orientation Sexuality Can Be Studied with a Wide Variety of Methods Biomedical research focuses on the underlying mechanisms of sex Psychology includes diverse approaches to sexuality Cultural anthropology focuses on sexual diversity across cultures Sociologists focus on the connection between sex and society The economic approach weighs costs and benefits Organizations promote sex research Chapter 2. Women''s Bodies The Whole Body Is an Erogenous Zone A Woman''s Vulva Includes Her Mons, Labia, Vaginal Opening, and Clitoris There is more to the clitoris than meets the eye Box: Pubic Hair Removal The appearance of the vaginal opening is variable Box: Female Genital Cutting The Vagina Is the Outermost Portion of the Female Reproductive Tract The vagina undergoes changes during arousal The G-spot is a controversial erogenous zone The Anus Can Also Be a Sex Organ Box: Genital Self-Examination The Uterus Serves a Double Duty Cancer can affect the cervix or the endometrium Other uterine conditions include fibroids, endometriosis, abnormal bleeding, and prolapse Should hysterectomy be so common? The Oviducts Are the Site of Fertilization The Ovaries Produce Ova and Sex Hormones Box: The Feedback Loop That Controls Female Hormone Production Menstruation Is a Biological Process with Cultural and Practical Aspects The menstrual cycle has three phases The cycle is driven by hormonal changes Does the menstrual cycle influence sexuality? Attitudes toward menstruation vary Women use pads, tampons, or cups during menstruation Box: Where Tampons Aren''t an Option Menstrual Problems Are Common but Treatable Menstrual pain may or may not reflect underlying pelvic disease Premenstrual syndrome has physical and psychological aspects Menstruation stops during pregnancy--and for other reasons Sex steroids affect more than the reproductive tract The Breasts Have Both Erotic and Reproductive Significance Breast Cancer Mortality Can Be Reduced Many factors affect the risk of breast cancer Clinical breast exams save lives Treatment depends on the diagnostic findings and the woman''s choice Chapter 3. Men''s Bodies The Male External Genitalia Are the Penis and Scrotum The penis combines erotic, reproductive, and urinary functions Box: Male Circumcision Some disorders affect penile function Box: How Big Should a Penis Be? Box: Diphallia Penile Erection Involves Nerves, Blood, and Chemistry Erection is the filling of the penis with blood Muscles are also involved in erection Erections occur during sleep The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testicles The Testicles Produce Sperm and Sex Hormones Box: Declining Sperm Counts Cancer and other disorders can affect the testicles Other glands contribute secretions to the semen What is semen? Ejaculation Requires Coordination of Muscles and Glands The testicles secrete sex hormones Box: The Secret Life of Semen The brain and pituitary gland regulate hormone levels Box: Steroids and Sports Nudity Is Culturally Regulated Chapter 4. Sex Development and Diversity Genes and Hormones Guide Sex Development Female and male reproductive tracts develop from different precursors Female and male external genitalia develop from the same precursors The gonads descend during development Puberty is sexual maturation The brain also differentiates sexually Sex Development Is Not Always Binary Unusual sets of chromosomes affect growth and fertility The gonads or genitals may be sexually ambiguous Box: My Life with Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome There Are Sex Differences in Many Mental Traits Gender identity does not always match anatomical sex Women and men differ in a variety of cognitive and personality traits There are many differences in sexuality Many sex differences arise early in life Biological Factors Underlie Sex Differences Evolutionary forces act differently on females and males Box: Gendered Play in Primates Experiments demonstrate a role for sex hormones Life Experiences Mold Sex Roles Girls and boys are socialized differently Cognitive developmental models emphasize thought processes Transgender People Challenge Society''s Deepest Division Box: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl Transexual individuals are of more than one kind Box: Trans Men and Women in Cross-Cultural Perspective Changing sex is a multistage process Many transgender people do not want surgery Trans people struggle for awareness and acceptance Box: Tempest in a Toilet Chapter 5. Attraction, Arousal, and Response Sexual Attraction: It Takes Two Beauty is not entirely in the eye of the beholder Culture influences the attractiveness of bodies Box: Culture and Body Weight Attractiveness involves senses besides vision Behavior and personality influence sexual attractiveness Familiarity may increase or decrease attraction Perceived attractiveness varies around the menstrual cycle Asexual women and men do not experience sexual attraction Sexual Arousal Has Multiple Roots Fantasy is a common mode of sexual arousal Arousal occurs in response to a partner Gonadal steroid hormones influence sexual arousability Conditioning may influence arousal Sexual Arousal Follows a Response Cycle Box: Aphrodisiacs and Drugs In the excitement phase, genital responses begin In the plateau phase, arousal is maintained Orgasm is the climax of sexual arousal Box: Female Ejaculation Brain imaging suggests where orgasm may be experienced Box: Foot Orgasms In the resolution phase, arousal subsides The phases may be linked in different ways Men experience a refractory period Pituitary hormones influence the sexual response cycle The Masters and Johnson cycle may be incomplete People Derive Pleasure from Diverse Sexual Behaviors Chapter 6. Sexual Behavior Masturbation Is a Very Common Form of Sexual Expression Box: Sex and Happiness Negative attitudes toward masturbation are still prevalent Several demographic factors influence masturbation Women use more diverse techniques of masturbation than men Gay people masturbate more than heterosexuals The Kiss Represents True Love--Sometimes Sexual Touching Takes Many Forms Oral Sex Is Increasingly Popular Fellatio is oral stimulation of the penis Cunnilingus is oral stimulation of the vulva Most Male-Female Sex Includes Coitus Coitus can be performed in many different positions Box: Progress in Coitus Research The man-above position is a traditional favorite The 1970s women''s movement encouraged alternative positions Anal Sex May Be a Part of Either Opposite-sex or Male Same-sex Behavior Men and Women May Have Different Preferences for Sexual Encounters Sex Toys Are Used to Enhance Sexual Pleasure Sex May Be in Groups Box: What Is "Great Sex"? Sexual Behavior and Attitudes Vary Across Cultures The Kama Sutra is the classic work on how to make love Taoists recommended the avoidance of ejaculation The Aka emphasize the importance of frequent sex Box: Dry Sex Many Disabled People Have Active Sex Lives Many intellectually disabled people are competent to make sexual choices Spinal cord injuries present a major challenge to sexual expression Arthritis is the number one disability affecting sex People Are Having Less Partnered Sex Chapter 7. Sexual Relationships Sexual Relationships Are Motivated by Many Factors Demographic Factors Affect Sexual Attitudes Box: Who May Marry? Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men than to Women Hooking up--the new norm? Box: Straight Women, Gay Sex The hookup culture--some like it, some loathe it Casual sex is more accepted in the gay male community Negotiating sex involves flirting Non-Cohabiting Relationships Are Often Short-Lived Long-distance relationships can be very successful Same-sex relationships have their own scripts Non-cohabiting relationships may evolve rapidly Love Cements Many Sexual Relationships There are different kinds of love Liking and reciprocal attraction precede falling in love Researchers are probing the biological basis of love Life Experiences Mold Our Sexual Relationships Relationship styles are influenced by childhood attachments Couples in relationships resemble each other Communication Is a Key Factor in the Success of Relationships Communication may be inhibited by upbringing or by the gender barrier Marriage and relationship education teaches communication skills How couples deal with conflict affects the stability of their relatio.