Boxes Preface Chapter 1. What Is Anthropology? What Is Anthropology? What Is the Concept of Culture? What Makes Anthropology a Cross-Disciplinary Discipline? Biological Anthropology IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Anthropology as a Vocation: Listening to Voices Cultural Anthropology Linguistic Anthropology Archaeology Applied Anthropology Medical Anthropology The Promise of Anthropology IN THEIR OWN WORDS: What Can You Learn from an Anthropology Major? CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS MODULE 1: Anthropology, Science, and Storytelling Scientific and Nonscientific Explanations Some Key Scientific Concepts MODULE SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS Chapter 2. Why Is Evolution Important to Anthropologists? What Is Evolutionary Theory? What Material Evidence Is There for Evolution? Pre-Darwinian Views of the Natural World Essentialism The Great Chain of Being Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism Transformational Evolution What Is Natural Selection? Population Thinking Natural Selection in Action How Did Biologists Learn about Genes? Mendel''s Experiments The Emergence of Genetics What Are the Basics of Contemporary Genetics? Genes and Traits ANTHROPOLOGY in Everyday Life: Investigating Human-Rights Violations and Identifying Remains Mutation DNA and the Genome Genotype, Phenotype, and the Norm of Reaction IN THEIR OWN WORDS: How Living Organisms Construct Their Environments What Does Evolution Mean? CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS Chapter 3. What Can the Study of Primates Tell Us about Human Beings? What Are Primates? How Do Biologists Classify Primates? How Many Categories of Living Primates Are There? Strepsirrhines IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Interbreeding Haplorhines IN THEIR OWN WORDS: The Future of Primate Biodiversity What Is Ethnoprimatology? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Gombe, Tanzania, in the Twenty-First Century Are There Patterns in Primate Evolution? How Do Paleoanthropologists Reconstruct Primate Evolutionary History? Primates of the Paleocene Primates of the Eocene Primates of the Oligocene Primates of the Miocene CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS MODULE 2: Dating Methods in Paleoanthropology and Archaeology Relative Dating Methods Numerical (or Absolute) Dating Methods Modeling Prehistoric Climates MODULE SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS Chapter 4. What Can the Fossil Record Tell Us about Human Origins? What Is Macroevolution? What Is Hominin Evolution? Who Were the First Hominins (6-3 mya)? The Origin of Bipedalism IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Finding Fossils Changes in Hominin Dentition Who Were the Later Australopiths (3-1.5 mya)? How Many Species of Australopith Were There? How Can Anthropologists Explain the Human Transition? What Do We Know about Early Homo (2.4-1.5 mya)? Expansion of the Australopith Brain How Many Species of Early Homo Were There? Earliest Evidence of Culture: Stone Tools Who Was Homo erectus (1.

8-1.7 mya to 0.5-0.4 mya)? Morphological Traits of H. erectus The Culture of H. erectus H. erectus the Hunter? What Happened to H. erectus? How Did Homo sapiens Evolve? What Is the Fossil Evidence for the Transition to Modern H.

sapiens? Where Did Modern H. sapiens Come from? Who Were the Neandertals (130,000-35,000 Years Ago)? What Do We Know about Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age Culture? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Bad Hair Days in the Paleolithic: Modern (Re)Constructions of the Cave Man Did Neandertals Hunt? What Do We Know about Anatomically Modern Humans (200,000 Years Ago to Present)? What Can Genetics Tell Us about Modern Human Origins? What Do We Know about the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age (40,000?-12,000 Years Ago)? What Happened to the Neandertals? How Many Kinds of Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age Cultures Were There? Where Did Modern H. sapiens Migrate in Late Pleistocene Times? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Women''s Art in the Upper Paleolithic? Eastern Asia and Siberia The Americas Australasia Two Million Years of Human Evolution CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS Chapter 5. How Does the Evolutionary Study of Human Variation Undermine Notions of Biological Race? What Is Microevolution? What Is A Species? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Have We Ever Been Individuals? The Molecularization of Race? The Four Evolutionary Processes IN THEIR OWN WORDS: DNA Tests Find Branches but Few Roots Microevolution and Patterns of Human Variation Adaptation and Human Variation The Molecularization of Race? Phenotype, Environment, and Culture Can We Predict the Future of Human Evolution? CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS Chapter 6. How Do We Know about the Human Past? What Is Archaeology? Surveys Archaeological Excavation Archaeology and Digital Heritage How Do Archaeologists Interpret the Past? What Are Subsistence Strategies? What Are Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States? Whose Past Is It? How Is the Past Being Plundered? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Rescue Archaeology in Europe What Are the Critical Issues in Contemporary Archaeology? Archaeology and Gender Collaborative Approaches to Studying the Past ANTHROPOLOGY in Everyday Life: Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement Cosmopolitan Archaeologies CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS Chapter 7. Why Did Humans Settle Down, Build Cities, and Establish States? How Is the Human Imagination Entangled with the Material World? Is Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction? How Do Anthropologists Explain the Origins of Animal Domestication? Was There Only One Motor of Domestication? How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia? Natufian Social Organization ANTHROPOLOGY in Everyday Life: Çatalhöyük in the Twenty-First Century Natufian Subsistence Domestication Elsewhere in the World What Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: The Food Revolution How Do Anthropologists Define Social Complexity? Why Is It Incorrect to Describe Foraging Societies as "Simple"? What Is the Archaeological Evidence for Social Complexity? Why Did Stratification Begin? How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: The Ecological Consequences of Social Complexity Andean Civilization CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS Chapter 8. Why Is the Concept of Culture Important? How Do Anthropologists Define Culture? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: The Paradox of Ethnocentrism IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Culture and Freedom Culture, History, and Human Agency IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Human-Rights Law and the Demonization of Culture Why Do Cultural Differences Matter? What Is Ethnocentrism? Is It Possible to Avoid Ethnocentric Bias? What Is Cultural Relativism? How Can Cultural Relativity Improve Our Understanding of Controversial Cultural Practices? Genital Cutting, Gender, and Human Rights Genital Cutting as a Valued Ritual Culture and Moral Reasoning Did Their Culture Make Them Do It? Does Culture Explain Everything? Cultural Change and Cultural Authenticity The Promise of the Anthropological Perspective CHAPTER SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS MODULE 3: On Ethnographic Methods A Meeting of Cultural Traditions Classic Single-Sited Fieldwork How Do Anthropologists Think about the Ethics of Their Work? What Is Participant Observation? Multisited Fieldwork Collecting and Interpreting Data The Dialectic of Fieldwork: Interpretation and Translation Interpreting Actions and Ideas The Dialectic of Fieldwork: An Example The Effects of Fieldwork The Production of Anthropological Knowledge Anthropological Knowledge as Open-Ended MODULE SUMMARY FOR REVIEW KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGS Chapter 9. Why Is Understanding Human Language Important? What Makes Language Distinctively Human? How Are Language and Culture Related? How Do People Talk about Experience? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Cultural Translation What Does It Mean to "Learn" a Language? How Does Context Affect Language? How Does Language Affect How We See the World? Pragmatics: How Do We Study Language in Contexts of Use? Ethnopragmatics What Happens When Languages Come into Contact? What Is the Difference between a Pidgin and a Creole? How Is Meaning Negotiated? What Does Linguistic Inequality Look Like? What Is Language Ideology? How Have Language Ideologies Been at Work in Studies of African American Speech? IN THEIR OWN WORDS: Varieties of African American English What Is Raciolinguistics? What Is Lost If a Language Dies? ANTHROPOLOGY in Everyday Life: Language Revitalization How Are Language and Truth Connected?<.