List of BoxesPreface1. What Is Anthropology?What is Anthropology?What is the Concept of Culture?What Makes Anthropology a Cross-Disciplinary Discipline?Biological AnthropologyIn Their Own Words: Anthropology as a Vocation Listening to VoicesCultural AnthropologyLinguistic AnthropologyArchaeologyApplied AnthropologyMedical AnthropologyThe Uses of AnthropologyChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested ReadingsModule 1: Anthropology, Science, and StorytellingScientific and Nonscientific ExplanationsSome Key Scientific ConceptsModule SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey Terms2. Why Is Evolution Important to Anthropologists?What is Evolutionary Theory?What Material Evidence is There for Evolution?Pre-Darwinian Views of The Natural WorldEssentialismThe Great Chain of BeingCatastrophism and UniformitarianismTransformational EvolutionWhat is Natural Selection?Population ThinkingNatural Selection in ActionUnlocking the Secrets of HeredityMendel''s ExperimentsThe Emergence of GeneticsWhat Are the Basics of Contemporary Genetics?Genes and TraitsMutationDNA and the GenomeAnthropology in Everyday Life: Forensic Anthropology and Human RightsGenotype, Phenotype, and the Norm of ReactionIn Their Own Words: How Living Organisms Construct Their EnvironmentsWhat does Evolution Mean?Chapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested Readings3. What Can Evolutionary Theory Tell Us about Human Variation?What is Microevolution?The Modern Evolutionary Synthesis and Its LegacyThe Molecularization of Race?The Four Evolutionary ProcessesMicroevolution and Patterns of Human VariationAdaptation and Human VariationPhenotype, Environment and CultureIn Their Own Words: DNA Tests Find Branches but Few RootsWhat is Macroevolution?Can We Predict the Future of Human Evolution?Chapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested ReadingsModule 2: Dating Methods in Paleoanthropology and ArchaeologyRelative Dating MethodsNumerical Dating MethodsModeling Prehistoric ClimatesModule SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey Terms4. What Can the Study of Primates Tell Us about Human Beings?What Are Primates?Approaches to Primate TaxonomyThe Living PrimatesStrepsirhinesHaplorhinesIn Their Own Words: The Future of Primate DiversityFlexibility as the Hallmark of Primate AdaptationsIn Their Own Words: Chimpanzee TourismPast Evolutionary Trends in PrimatesPrimate Evolution: The First 60 Million YearsPrimates of the PaleocenePrimates of the EocenePrimates of the OligocenePrimates of the MioceneChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested Readings5. What Can the Fossil Record Tell Us about Human Origins?Hominin EvolutionWho Were the First Hominins? (6-3 mya)The Origin of BipedalismChanges in Hominin DentitionIn Their Own Words: Finding FossilsWho Were the Later Australopith? (3-1.5 mya)How Many Species of Australopith Were There?How Can Anthropologists Explain the Human Transition?What Do We Know About Early Homo? (2.4-1.

5 mya)Expansion of the Australopith BrainHow Many Species of Early Homo Were There?Earliest Evidence of Culture: Stone Tools of the Oldowan TraditionWho Was Homo Erectus? (1.8-1.7 mya to 0.5-0.4 mya)Morphological Traits of H. erectusThe Culture of H. erectusH. erectus the HunterThe Evolutionary Fate of H.

ErectusHow Did Homo Sapiens Evolve?Fossil Evidence for the Transition to Modern H. sapiensWhere Did Modern H. sapiens Come From?Who Were The Neandertals? (130,000 to 35,000 years ago)Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age CultureDid Neandertals Hunt?In Their Own Words: Bad Hair Days in the Paleolithic Modern (Re)Constructions of the Cave ManWhat Do We Know About Anatomically Modern Humans? (200,000 years ago to present)What Can Genetics Tell Us About Modern Human Origins?The Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age (40,000? to 12,000 years ago)What Happened To The Neandertals?Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age CulturesIn Their Own Words: Women''s Art in the Upper PaleolithicSpread of Modern H. Sapiens in Late Pleistocene TimesEastern Asia and SiberiaThe AmericasAustraliaTwo Million Years of Human EvolutionChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested Readings6. How Do We Know About the Human Past?ArchaeologySurveysArchaeological ExcavationInterpreting the PastSubsistence StrategiesBands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and StatesWhose Past Is It?Plundering the PastContemporary Trends in ArchaeologyGender ArchaeologyCollaborative Approaches to Studying the PastCosmopolitan ArchaeologiesAnthropology in Everyday Life: Archaeology as a Tool of Civic Engagement Chapter SummaryChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested Readings7. Why Did Humans Settle Down, Build Cities, and Establish States?Human Imagination and the Material WorldIs Plant Cultivation a Form of Niche Construction?Animal DomesticationWas There Only One Motor of Domestication?How Did Domestication, Cultivation, and Sedentism Begin in Southwest Asia?Natufian Social OrganizationDomestication Elsewhere in the WorldWhat Were the Consequences of Domestication and Sedentism?In Their Own Words: The Food RevolutionWhat is Social Complexity?How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?What is the Archaeological Evidence For Social Complexity?Why Did Stratification Begin?How Can Anthropologists Explain the Rise of Complex Societies?Andean CivilizationIn Their Own Words: The Ecological Consequences of Social ComplexityChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested Readings8. Why Is The Concept of Culture Important?How Do Anthropologists Define Culture?In Their Own Words: The Paradox of EthnocentrismIn Their Own Words: Culture and FreedomCulture, History and Human AgencyIn Their Own Words: Human-Rights Law and the Demonization of CultureWhy Do Cultural Differences Matter?What is Ethnocentrism?Is it Possible to Avoid Ethnocentric Bias?What is Cultural Relativism?How Can Cultural Relativity Improve Our Understanding of Controversial Cultural Practices?Genital Cutting, Gender, and Human RightsGenital Cutting as a Valued RitualCulture and Moral ReasoningDid Their Culture Make Them Do It?Does Culture Explain Everything?Culture Change and Cultural AuthenticityThe Promise of the Anthropological PerspectiveChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested ReadingsModule 3: On Ethnographic MethodsA Meeting of Cultural TraditionsSingle-Sited FieldworkMultisited FieldworkCollecting and Interpreting DataThe Dialectic of Fieldwork: Interpretation and TranslationInterpreting Actions and IdeasThe Dialectic of Fieldwork: An ExampleThe Effects of FieldworkThe Production of Anthropological KnowledgeAnthropological Knowledge as Open-EndedModule SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey Terms9. Why is Understanding Human Language Important?How are Language and Culture Related?How Do People Talk about Experience?In Their Own Words: Cultural TranslationWhat Makes Human Language Distinctive?What Does it Mean to "Learn" A Language?How Does Context Affect Language?How Does Language Affect How We See The World?Pragmatics: How Do We Study Language in Contexts of Use?EthnopragmaticsWhat Happens When Languages Come into Contact?What is Linguistic Inequality?What Are Language Habits of African Americans?In Their Own Words: Varieties of African American EnglishLanguage IdeologyAnthropology in Everyday Life: Language RevitalizationLanguage, Culture, and ThoughtPerceptionIllusionCognitionLanguage, Thought, and Symbolic PracticeLanguages, Symbolic Practices, WorldviewsWhat Are Symbols?In Their Own Words: The Madness of HungerSymbolic Practices, Worldviews, SelvesAnthropology in Everyday Life: Lead Poisoning among Mexican American ChildrenIn Their Own Words: American Premenstrual SyndromeChapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested ReadingsModule 4: Components of LanguagePhonology: SoundsMorphology: Word StructureSyntax: Sentence StructureSemantics: MeaningModule SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey Terms10.

How Do We Make Meaning?What is Play?What do We Think about Play?What Are Some Effects of Play?What is Art?Is There a Definition of Art?"But Is It Art?""She''s Fake": Art and AuthenticityIn Their Own Words: TangoWhat is Myth?How Does Myth Reflect and Shape Society?Do Myths Help Us Think?What is Ritual?How Can Ritual Be Defined?Ritual As Action?What Are Rites of Passage?How Are Play and Ritual Complementary?In Their Own Words: Video in the VillagesHow Are Worldview and Symbolic Practice Related?What is Religion?How Do People Communicate in Religion?How Are Religion and Social Organization Related?Worldviews in Operation: Two Case StudiesCoping with Misfortune: Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the AzandeAre There Patterns of Witchcraft Accusation?Coping with Misfortune: Seeking Higher Consciousness among the ChannelersIn Their Own Words: For All Those Who Were Indian in a Former LifeMaintaining and Changing a WorldviewHow Do People Cope with Change?In Their Own Words: Custom and ConfrontationHow Are Worldviews Used As Instruments of Power?Chapter SummaryFor Review and DiscussionKey TermsSuggested Readings11. Why Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations?How Do Anthropologists Study Economic Relations?What are the Connections between Culture and Livelihood?How Do Anthropologists Study Production, Distribution, and Consumption?How Are Goods Distributed and Exchanged?What are Modes of Exchange?Does Production Drive Economic Activities?LaborModes of ProductionWhat is the Role of Conflict in Material Life?In Their Own Words: "So Much Work, So Much Tragedy.and for What?"Anthropology in Everyday Life: Producing Sorghum and Millet in Honduras and the SudanIn Their Own Words: Solidarity ForeverWhy Do People Consume What they Do?The Internal Explanation: Malinowski and Basic Human NeedsThe External Explanation: Cultural EcologyHow is Consumption Culturally Patterned?How is Consumption Being Studied Today?In Their Own Words: Fake Masks and Faux ModernityIn Their Own Words: Questioning CollapseThe Anthropology of Food and NutritionChapter Summary.