CONTENTS *New to this edition Preface Disciplinary Contents PART 1 Understanding Argument An Introduction to Argument Why Instructors Assign Argument [box] Defining Argument What Kinds of Statements Are Not Debatable? [box] Arguments in Real Life Winning and Losing Arguments The Rhetorical Situation Considering the Writer Considering the Purpose Considering the Audience Considering the Question Considering the Context Logos, Pathos, and Ethos The Appeal to Reason (Logos) Logos in Action The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos) Pathos in Action The Appeal to Authority (Ethos) Ethos in Action The Rhetorical Triangle CHAPTER 1 The Four Pillars of Argument AT ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money? The Elements of Argument Thesis Statement Evidence Refutation Concluding Statement → CHECKLIST: DOES YOUR ARGUMENT STAND UP? NIA TUCKSON, Why Foreign-Language Study Should Be Required [student essay] ANDY KESSLER, Learn a Language, But Not a Human One READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Is a College Education Worth the Money? ELLEN RUPPEL SHELL, College May Not Be Worth It Anymore MARTY NEMKO, We Send Too Many Students to College *DANIEL RIVERA-IBARRA, Paying It Forward Makes Higher Ed Worth the Price JENNIE LE, What Does It Mean to Be a College Grad? *EMMA WHITFORD, Not All Americans Think College Is Worth It BRYAN CAPLAN, The World Might Be Better Off without College for Everyone *HUNTER RAWLINGS, College Is Not a Commodity: Stop Treating It Like One → TEMPLATE FOR STRUCTURING AN ARGUMENT PART 2 Reading and Responding to Arguments CHAPTER 2 Thinking and Reading Critically AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything? Thinking Critically Using Critical-Thinking Skills [box] Reading Critically and Actively Guidelines for Reading Critically [box] Previewing Close Reading Comprehension Clues [box] JOHN TIERNEY, The Reign of Recycling Highlighting Suggestions for Highlighting [box] LOS ANGELES TIMES EDITORIAL BOARD, It''s Time to Phase Out Single-Use Plastic Annotating → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR ANNOTATING *JOHN VIDAL, The Solution to the Plastic Waste Crisis? It''s Not Recycling JENNY LUNA, We Are So Forked Writing a Critical Response → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR CRITICAL READING NEENA THOMASON, Response to "It''s Time to Phase Out All Single-Use Plastic" [student response] → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A CRITICAL RESPONSE CHAPTER 3 Reading and Responding to Visual Arguments AT ISSUE Does Recycling Really Accomplish Anything? (continued) Visuals versus Visual Arguments [box] Reading Visual Arguments Comprehension Clues [box] National Geographic Cover [visual] Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos [box] Recycling Bar Graph [graph] *Keep Disposable Face Masks and Gloves Out of Our Waterways! [advertisement] Recycling Cartoon [cartoon] Waste Pie Chart [chart] *Recycle Right! [infographic] *One-Third of Plastic Packaging Escapes Recycling Systems [advertisement] Highlighting and Annotating Visual Arguments What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You [advertisement] Responding Critically to Visual Arguments → CHECKLIST: QUESTIONS FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS GABRIEL DUNN, Response to "What Goes in the Ocean Goes in You" [student response] → TEMPLATE FOR RESPONDING TO VISUAL ARGUMENTS CHAPTER 4 Writing a Rhetorical Analysis AT ISSUE Does It Make Sense to Shop Ethically? What Is a Rhetorical Analysis? Overview: "Letter from Birmingham Jail" by Martin Luther King Jr. [box] Considering the Rhetorical Situation Analyzing the Rhetorical Situation [box] The Writer Analyzing the Writer [box] The Writer''s Purpose Analyzing the Writer''s Purpose [box] The Writer''s Audience Analyzing the Writer''s Audience [box] The Question Analyzing the Question [box] The Context Analyzing the Context [box] Considering the Means of Persuasion: Logos, Pathos, Ethos The Appeal to Reason (Logos) The Appeal to the Emotions (Pathos) The Appeal to Authority (Ethos) Considering the Writer''s Rhetorical Strategies Thesis Organization Evidence Stylistic Techniques Assessing the Argument → CHECKLIST: PREPARING TO WRITE A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS Sample Rhetorical Analysis DANA THOMAS, Terror''s Purse Strings DENIZ BILGUTAY, A Powerful Call to Action [student essay] RAJEEV RAVISANKAR, Sweatshop Oppression → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS JEROME SIEGER, Sweatshops Are Good CHAPTER 5 Understanding Logic and Recognizing Logical Fallacies AT ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be? What Is Deductive Reasoning? Constructing Sound Syllogisms Syllogism with an Illogical Middle Term Syllogism with a Key Term Whose Meaning Shifts Syllogism with Negative Premise Recognizing Enthymemes Bumper-Sticker Thinking [box] Writing Deductive Arguments CRYSTAL SANCHEZ, College Should Be for Everyone [student essay] What Is Inductive Reasoning? Reaching Inductive Conclusions [box] Making Inferences Constructing Strong Inductive Arguments Generalization Too Broad Atypical Evidence Irrelevant Evidence Exceptions to the Rule Writing Inductive Arguments *IAN AYRES, Until I''m Told Otherwise, I Prefer to Call You "They" Recognizing Logical Fallacies Begging the Question Circular Reasoning Weak Analogy Ad Hominem Fallacy (Personal Attack) Creating a Straw Man Hasty or Sweeping Generalization (Jumping to a Conclusion) Either/Or Fallacy (False Dilemma) Equivocation Red Herring Slippery Slope You Also (Tu Quoque) Appeal to Doubtful Authority Misuse of Statistics Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (After This, Therefore Because of This) Non Sequitur (It Does Not Follow) Bandwagon Fallacy PATRICK J. BUCHANAN, Immigration Time-Out READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE How Free Should Free Speech Be? *ARIZONA BAR FOUNDATION, Freedom of Speech: What It Is and What It Isn''t AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS, On Freedom of Expression and Campus Speech Codes *SARA LAVENDUSKI, "Free Speech" Comes with a Price *PRAVEEN NAIR, Social Media Bans Are about More Than Just Free Speech *TYLER WATKINS, How Free Should Free Speech Be? Visual Argument: Football Players Kneeling [photograph] → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING AN INDUCTIVE ARGUMENT CHAPTER 6 Rogerian Argument, Toulmin Logic, and Oral Arguments *AT ISSUE Why Aren''t STEM Fields More Diverse? Understanding Rogerian Argument Structuring Rogerian Arguments Writing Rogerian Arguments ZOYA KAHN, Why Cell Phones Do Not Belong in the Classroom [student essay] Understanding Toulmin Logic Constructing Toulmin Arguments Writing Toulmin Arguments JEN DAVIS, Competitive Cheerleaders Are Athletes [student essay] Understanding Oral Arguments Planning an Oral Argument → CHECKLIST: DESIGNING AND DISPLAYING VISUALS Delivering Oral Arguments Dealing with Nervousness [box] Composing an Oral Argument *Choosing Presentation Tools [box] CHANTEE STEELE, An Argument in Support of the "Gap Year" [student speech] *READING AND WRITING ABOUT THE ISSUE Why Aren''t STEM Fields More Diverse? STUART REGES, Why Women Don''t Code BARBARA OAKLEY, Why Do Women Shun STEM? It''s Complicated *MEREDITH REICHES AND SARAH S. RICHARDSON, We Dug into Data to Disprove a Myth about Women in STEM *MARIA TEMMING, STEM''s Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Gaps Are Still Strikingly Large *BARBARA MORAN, Is Science Too Straight? *Visual Argument: Diversity in STEM [poster] → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A ROGERIAN ARGUMENT → TEMPLATE FOR WRITING A TOULMIN ARGUMENT PART 3 Writing an Argument.