Introduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 2 Beyond the Book 2 Where to Go from Here 3 Part 1: Getting Started with the Praxis Core 5 Chapter 1: Previewing the Praxis 7 Why Take the Praxis? 7 Breaking Down the Praxis 8 Knowing what topics are covered 8 Seeing what types of questions you''ll face 9 Understanding How the Test Is Scored 10 Chapter 2: Getting Ready for Test Day 13 Registering for the Test 13 Using Your Time Wisely 14 Budgeting your study time leading up to test day 14 Budgeting your time while taking the test 15 When Test Day Has Arrived 16 Knowing what to bring and what to leave at home 17 Getting familiar with computer testing 17 If You Are Retaking the Test 18 Chapter 3: Practicing the Praxis: Sampling Some Practice Questions 19 Going through the Pre-Assessment Questions 19 Reading practice questions 20 Writing practice questions 23 Mathematics practice questions 25 Looking at the Pre-Assessment Answers 28 Reading answers and explanations 28 Writing answers and explanations 31 Math answers and explanations 33 Assessing Your Results 36 Identifying categories where you struggled 36 Understanding where you went wrong specifically 36 Part 2: Mastering Math Concepts 39 Chapter 4: Count on It: Number and Quantity 41 Working with Integers: Whole Numbers and Their Opposites 41 Doing basic operations with integers 42 Finding factors of whole numbers 43 Employing some helpful divisibility rules 43 Finding multiples of integers 43 Determining the greatest common factor and least common multiple 44 Exponents and square roots 45 Computing with Fractions and Mixed Numbers 46 Simplifying fractions 47 Converting between fractions and mixed numbers 47 Performing basic operations with fractions and mixed numbers 48 Working with Decimals and Percents 50 Converting between decimals and percents 50 Performing basic operations with decimals 51 Understanding the Number Line 52 Interpreting numeration and place values 52 Knowing the basics of order 53 Finding orders of magnitude 54 Finding numbers in sequences 54 Following Orders: The Order of Operations 55 Remembering "GEMDAS" 55 Using the order of operations within itself 56 Reasoning with Quantities 56 Using the two major systems of measurement 56 Converting units of measurement 57 Basic word problems 58 Practice Questions about Number and Quantity 60 Answers and Explanations 61 Chapter 5: Introducing Letters: Algebra and Functions 63 Variables: When Letters Represent Numbers 63 Laying out the terms: Variable terms and expressions 64 Let''s get together: Combining like terms 64 Multiplying and dividing with terms and expressions 65 When variable values are given 67 Working with Equations 68 Solving for x and other variables 68 Undoing addition and subtraction 69 Undoing multiplication and division 70 Multistep equations 70 Proportions 71 Systems of equations 71 Solving for variables in terms of other variables 73 Solving Inequalities 74 Following two more rules when solving inequalities 74 Graphing inequalities 75 Describing solution steps 76 Factoring in Algebra 77 Factoring terms out of bigger terms 77 Using reverse FOIL 77 Decoding Algebra Word Problems 78 Translating English into mathematical language 78 Algebraic word problems 78 Figuring Out Functions 79 Identifying functions 80 Working with functions 81 Thinking Outside the Algebra Box 81 Recognizing relational patterns 81 Algebraic reasoning 82 Practice Questions about Algebra 83 Answers and Explanations 84 Chapter 6: Grasping Geometry Concepts 87 Understanding the Building Blocks of Geometry 87 Getting to the point 88 Defining lines and parts of lines 88 Moving along planes in space 88 Getting the right angles on angles 89 Recognizing congruence 89 Understanding Angle Measures and Relationships 90 Distinguishing degrees of angle measure and naming angles 90 Working with angle relationships 91 Knowing Common Shapes and Their Basic Properties 92 Defining polygons in general 92 Analyzing triangles: Three-sided polygons 92 Identifying facts about quadrilaterals 94 Working with other types of polygons 95 Knowing the basic facts about circles 96 Working with Shapes that Are Alike 96 Forming conclusions about congruent shapes 96 Working with similar shapes 97 Figuring out Geometric Formulas 98 Finding the perimeter 98 Circling the circumference 99 Getting into the area 100 Calculating on the surface: surface area 101 Finding the right volume 103 Combining Shapes 104 Coming together: Shapes that have joined without an invasion 104 Preparing for invasion: When one shape invades another 105 Geometric overlaps and intersections 106 Knowing the Ways of the XY Coordinate Plane 106 Naming coordinate pairs 106 Identifying linear equations and their graphs 107 Using the distance and midpoint formulas 108 Finding meaning in intersecting graphs 109 Transforming coordinate plane figures 109 Touching on Right Triangles 112 Knowing what Pythagoras discovered 113 Working with special right triangles 113 Practice Questions about Geometry 115 Answers and Explanations 116 Chapter 7: Pinning Down Statistics and Probability 117 Representing Data 117 Tables 118 Bar graphs and line graphs 118 Pie charts 120 Stem-and-leaf plots 121 Box-and-whisker plots 122 Venn diagrams 124 Scrambling around scatter plots 125 Loitering around line plots 126 Analyzing Data 127 Combing through comparisons 127 Homing in on the range 127 Measuring arithmetic mean, median, or mode 127 Variably affecting data 129 Scrutinizing samples for data analysis 129 Interpreting linear models 129 Calculating Probability 130 Determining the likelihood of an event 130 Using complements 131 Pointing Out Scientific Notation Facts 131 Practice Questions about Probability and Statistics 132 Answers and Explanations 134 Chapter 8: Test-Taking Strategies for Core Math 135 Using Helpful Shortcuts 135 Solving equations versus determining what must be solved 136 Using estimation and approximation 137 Using the calculator 137 Identifying calculations you can make in your head 137 The art of guessing as a last resort 138 Working backward 139 Narrowing Down Answer Choices 139 How to eliminate obviously wrong answer choices 139 Avoiding the most common wrong answers 141 Tackling the Constructed Response 142 Tips for preparing responses and answering questions 142 Understanding the importance of avoiding careless errors 143 Some proper ways of representing answers 143 Part 3: Refining Your Reading Comprehension Skills 145 Chapter 9: Reading Comprehension: Finding Meaning and Identifying Purpose 147 Previewing the Praxis Reading Test 147 Knowing what the test contains 148 Applying a general strategy 148 Mastering Short-Passage Questions 149 Ferreting out the main idea 149 Discerning the author''s tone and intent 151 Putting vocabulary in context 152 Looking at Long-Passage Questions 153 Purpose and paraphrase 153 Arguments and support 154 Getting the hang of "If" questions 154 Sample questions for long passages 156 Visual- and Quantitative-Information Questions 158 Rethinking charts and graphs 159 Getting graphs 159 Practice Reading-Comprehension Questions 161 Answers and Explanations 164 Chapter 10: Test-Taking Strategies for Core Reading 169 Figuring Out Which to Read First: The Passage or the Question 169 Examining Strategies for the Various Passages 170 Approaching long and short passages 171 Approaching the paired passages 172 Approaching Questions about Charts and Graphs 173 Eliminating Wrong Answers 173 Tips for Slow Readers 174 Part 4: Fine-Tuning Your Writing Skills 177 Chapter 11: Acing the Essay 179 Perusing the Types of Prompts: "Picking a Side" versus "Exploring an Idea" 179 Writing persuasively 180 Sticking to the facts 180 Creating a Solid Essay 180 Making an outline: Essential or overrated? 181 Looking at the sections of your essay 181 Don''t box yourself in: Theses aren''t set in stone 182 Citing the sources 182 Checking out some additional writing pointers 182 Turning a Good Essay into a Great One 182 Adding interesting anecdotes 183 Painting a picture with words 183 Anticipating objections against your position 184 Understanding How the Essay Is Scored 184 Checking Out Some Practice Prompts 185 Prompts.