Foreword xxvii Preface to Third Edition xxix Preface to First Edition xxxv Introduction xliii PART I Basic Concepts of GIS 1 CHAPTER 1 Some Concepts That Underpin GIS 3 You Ask: "What Is GIS About?" 3 And So You Ask Again: "What Is GIS About?" 4 EXERCISE 1-1 (PROJECT) Finding a Geographic Site by Manual Means 5 More of What GIS Is About 10 Next Steps: Seemingly Independent Things You Need To Know 11 Determining Where Something Is: Coordinate Systems 12 Determining Where Something Is: Latitude and Longitude 14 Geodesy, Coordinate Systems, Geographic Projections, and Scale 15 Projected Coordinate Systems 15 Geographic vs. Projected Coordinates: A Comparison 17 Two Projected Coordinate Systems: UTM and State Plane 17 Physical Dimensionality 20 Global Positioning Systems 22 Remote Sensing 22 Relational Databases 23 Searching (and Indexing) in General 29 Another Definition of GIS 30 Computer Software: In General 32 STEP-BY-STEP 35 EXERCISE 1-2 (PROJECT) Developing a Fast Facts File for the Information You Learn 35 Understanding the File Structure for the Exercises 36 EXERCISE 1-3 (MINOR PROJECT) Getting Set Up with ArcGIS 37 EXERCISE 1-4 (PROJECT) Looking at the ArcCatalog Program 38 Anatomy of the ArcCatalog Window 39 Setting Some Options 40 The Catalog Tree 42 Connecting to a Folder 44 The Toolbars and the Status Bar 45 An Optional Step 49 Exploring Basic GIS Data Storage Models 50 EXERCISE 1-5 (MAJOR PROJECT) Exploring Data with ArcCatalog--Fire Hydrants in a Village 51 Copying Data over to Your Personal Folder 51 Examining the Table 54 Deriving Information from the Table 55 Sorting the Records 55 Finding Values in a Table 56 Identifying Geographic Features and Coordinates 57 Looking at GeoGraphics 58 A First Look at Metadata 59 Using ArcCatalog to Place Data in ArcMap 61 EXERCISE 1-6 (PROJECT) A Look at Some Spatial Data for Finding a Site for the Wildcat Boat Facility 63 Using the Area on the Disk for Your Own Work 64 Copying Data over to Your Personal IGIS Folder 64 Searching for GIS Data 65 Exploring Soils 70 But Something Is Missing 71 Is the Newly Found Data Applicable? 73 Making a Personal Geodatabase Feature Class from a Coverage 74 Looking at the Landcover Personal Geodatabase Feature Class 75 Further Examining the Wildcat Boat Facility Area Data Sets 76 EXERCISE 1-7 (PROJECT) Looking at Wildcat Boat Data with ArcMap 79 Seeing the Results of the Join 82 EXERCISE 1-8 (PROJECT) Understanding the ArcGIS Help System 82 A Button for Instant Help: What''s This? (for ArcGIS Desktop version 10.0 only) 82 Getting Instant Help for a Tool or Command (for ArcGIS Desktop version 10.1) 83 The Help System and Documentation 83 ArcGIS Help across the Internet 84 EXERCISE 1-9 (DULL STUFF) Using ArcCatalog for Mundane Operations 85 EXERCISE 1-10 (REVIEW) Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File 86 What''s Next? 88 CHAPTER 2 Characteristics and Examples of Spatial Data 89 The Original Form of Spatial Data: Maps 89 Moving Spatial Data from Maps to Computers: Forces for Change 90 Spatial Data 94 Limiting the Scope 95 Spatial Data for Decision Making 95 Sets of Spatial Data: The Database 95 Spatial Databases: Inherent Diffi culties 96 Information Systems 101 Uses for a Geographic Information System 103 STEP-BY-STEP 113 EXERCISE 2-1 (MOSTLY OUTSIDE) Appreciating Geographic Space and Spatial Data 113 EXERCISE 2-2 (SETUP) ArcMap Toolbar Examination and Review 114 EXERCISE 2-3 (MAJOR PROJECT) Exploring Different Types of Geographic Data 117 The Basic Difference between ArcCatalog and ArcMap 117 Exploring Data from the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) 117 Preliminaries 118 Seeing the GPS File in ArcMap 118 Looking at the GPS Track in the Context of a Variety of GIS Data 122 A Potpourri of Types of Geographic Data 122 Displaying Layers from Vector-Based Datasets 125 Housekeeping: Saving and Restoring a Map 127 Selecting: Both Map Data and Attribute Data 128 Using the Measure Tool and the Identify Tool 131 County Boundaries and Polygons 131 TIGER/Line Files 133 The Table of Contents: Display vs. Source vs. Selection 134 EXERCISE 2-4 (MAJOR PROJECT) A Look at Raster Data 136 Digital Raster Graphics and Cell-Based Files 136 A Look (Optional) at How DRG Color Values Are Put Together 140 Experimenting with Different Ways of Seeing Data 141 Digital Orthophotos 143 More TIGER/Line Files 145 Another Tie between Attributes and Geographics 148 More Housekeeping: Shutting Down and Restarting ArcMap 149 Digital Elevation Model Files 149 Comparing the DEM and the DRG 153 Contour Line Files 153 EXERCISE 2-5 (PROJECT) Triangulated Irregular Networks 155 TINs are Three-Dimensional Datasets 158 Elevation Based on Massive Sets of Data: The Esri Terrain 160 EXERCISE 2-6 (PROJECT) Geodatasets of Soils, Rocks, and Land Cover 161 The Summarizing Procedure 162 Some Geological Data 164 Rasters of Land Cover Data 165 You Are Not Alone (Assuming you have an Internet connection) 167 Next Steps on Your Own 168 EXERCISE 2-7 (REVIEW) Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File 168 The Next Chapter 171 CHAPTER 3 Products of a GIS: Maps and Other Information 173 GIS and Cartography--Compatibility? 173 Products of a Geographic Information System 174 Overall Requirements for Utility 174 Classification of GIS Products 175 Documenting Products 177 Thoughts on Different Types of Products 178 Don''t Ignore Character-Based Information 178 Don''t Hesitate to Sort Information 178 Consider Hard Copy 179 Consider Balance in Product Content 179 Elements of Product Design 179 Units, Projection, and Scale 180 Thoughts on Resolution and Scale 180 Making Sure There Is a Base Map 180 Measure of Quality Assurance 181 The Decision Maker-Product Interface 181 In Summary 182 STEP-BY-STEP 183 The Data View and the Layout View 183 EXERCISE 3-1 (WARM-UP) Templates 184 EXERCISE 3-2 (PROJECT) Templates That Contain Data 186 Controlling Your View of the Map: Zooming 188 Understanding the Panning and Other Controls 189 Adding Other Map Elements 190 EXERCISE 3-3 (MAJOR PROJECT) Data Frames 192 Adding Data to Data Frames 193 A Summary of the Graphic Indicators 195 Tinkering with the Map--Scale Bars 195 Legends 196 EXERCISE 3-4 (MINI PROJECT) Looking at the Plethora of Mapmaking Tools and Options 198 EXERCISE 3-5 (MAJOR PROJECT) Making a Map of the Wildcat Boat Datasets 201 EXERCISE 3-6 (MAJOR PROJECT) Publishing Maps on the Internet 201 EXERCISE 3-7 (MAJOR PROJECT) Enhancing Communication: Styles, Layer Files, Layer Packages, Reports, Charts, and Graphics 206 Layer Files 206 Layer Packages 209 Styles 210 Adding and Using a Style 211 Reports 212 Charts and Graphs 216 Graphics 218 Making Graphics out of Geographic Features 223 EXERCISE 3-8 Checking, Updating, and Organizing Your Fast Facts File 224 CHAPTER 4 Structures for Storing Geographic Data 227 Why Is Spatial Data Analysis So Hard? 227 How the Computer Aids Analyzing Spatial Data 228 Complexity of Spatial Data 228 Structures for Spatial Data 229 Storage Paradigms for Areal Data 230 Fundamental Bases of Geographic Data Models 230 The Raster Data Model 232 Vector Data Model 234 A Multiplicity of "Storadigms" 235 Vector-Based Geographic Datasets--Logical Construction 235 Zero-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Points 236 One-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Lines 237 Two-Dimensional Entities in a Two-Dimensional Field: Polygons 238 Three-Dimensional Entities in a Three-Dimensional Field: Triangles and Multipatches 239 Specific Esri Spatial Vector Data Storage Mechanisms 240 The Geodatabase Data Structure 240 Geodatabase Software 240 Polygons within Polygons--Perimeter and Area Calculations 241 Geodatabases--Layout in the Computer 243 Geodatabases--Logical Construction 243 Geodatabases--Feature Shape 244 Nested Polygons in Geodatabases 245 Geodatabases and Attributes 245 Objects--First Acquaintance 247 The Shapefile Data Structure 247 Shapefiles--Layout in the Computer 248 Summarizing Vector Dataset Features 249 Summary of Logical Structures of Vector-Based GIS Datasets 249 Raster-Based Geographic Data Sets--Logical Construction 250 Raster-Based Geographic Data Sets--Layout in the Computer 251 TINs 253 TIN-Based Geographic Data Sets--Layout in the Computer 254 Spatial Reference 255 STEP-BY-STEP 257 EXERCISE 4-1 (WARM-UP) Meet ArcToolbox 257 EXERCISE 4-2 (WARM-UP) A Look at Some Trivial Personal Geodatabase Feature Classes 2.