Detailed Contents Preface About the Authors PART 1 The Elements of Effective Writing The Faces of Discovery 2 CHAPTER 1 Understanding the Writing Process Overview: Discovery through Writing The Stages of the Writing Process The Dynamics of Writing Your Reader The Purpose behind Your Writing The Relationship between Writing and Reading Spotlight Piece Process, Dynamics, and Purpose Understanding the Subject through Writing RECAP Understanding the Writing Process CHAPTER 2 Prewriting: Developing Ideas Overview: Prewriting Freewriting Brainstorming Clustering Branching Idea Mapping Journal Writing The Response Journal Prewriting That''s Right for You Writing Rituals Check-in Time Spotlight Piece Development of Prewriting Ideas Understanding the Subject through Writing RECAP Prewriting: Developing Ideas CHAPTER 3 Composing: Creating Topic Sentences and Supporting Sentences Overview: Composing The Paragraph Topic Focus Topic Sentence Development Clear and Specific Topic Sentences Effective Placement of Topic Sentences Supporting Ideas Effective Arrangement of Details and Examples Writer-Centered Words; Reader-Centered Sentences The Complete First-Draft Paragraph Spotlight Piece The Complete First-Draft Writing Understanding the Subject through Writing RECAP Composing: Creating Topic Sentences and Supporting Sentences CHAPTER 4 Revising: Refining Your Draft Overview: Revision Reassessment Redrafting Editing Journal Writing Spotlight Piece A Sample Final Draft Understanding the Subject through Writing RECAP Revising: Refining Your Draft CHAPTER 5 Moving from Paragraph to Essay Overview: The Difference between a Paragraph and an Essay Essay Structure The Essay Writing Process The Essay Writing Process: A Sample Journal Writing Spotlight Piece Considering a Final Draft Understanding the Subject through Writing RECAP Moving from Paragraph to Essay ASSESSMENT 1 PART 2 Effective Sentences: Constructing Meaning The Faces of Discovery CHAPTER 6 Subjects and Verbs Overview: Elements of a Complete Sentence Action Verbs Linking Verbs Identifying Subjects The Simple Subject versus the Complete Subject Verb Phrases and Compound Verbs Compound Subjects Journal Writing RECAP Subjects and Verbs CHAPTER 7 Sentence Fragments Overview: Complete Sentences Fragments with Missing Verbs Fragments with Missing Subjects Phrase Fragments Appositive Phrase Fragments Subordinate Clause Fragments Journal Writing RECAP Sentence Fragments CHAPTER 8 Subordination Overview: Complex Sentences with Supporting Clauses Simple and Complex Sentences Subordinating Conjunctions Relative Pronouns Punctuation of Subordinate Clauses Journal Writing RECAP Subordination CHAPTER 9 Coordination Overview: Compound Sentences Coordinating Conjunctions Semicolons Conjunctive Adverbs Journal Writing RECAP Coordination CHAPTER 10 Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences Overview: Sentence-Combining Errors Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences Correcting Comma Splices and Run-Ons with Coordinating Conjunctions Semicolons Subordinating Conjunctions Periods Journal Writing RECAP Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences ASSESSMENT 2 207 PART 3 Verbs: Conveying Action and Time The Faces of Discovery CHAPTER 11 Maintaining Subject Verb Agreement Overview: Subject Verb Agreement Agreement When the Subject Follows the Verb Sentences Beginning with There and Here Words That Separate Subjects and Verbs Problems with Compound Subjects Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns Agreement with Collective Nouns, Singular Nouns Ending in -s, and Words Indicating Amounts Journal Writing RECAP Maintaining Subject Verb Agreement CHAPTER 12 Forming Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs Overview: The Basic Tenses The Present Tense The Future Tense The Past Tense The Perfect Tenses Journal Writing RECAP Forming Basic Tenses for Regular Verbs CHAPTER 13 Using Irregular Verbs Correctly Overview: Verbs That Do Not Follow the Rules A List of Irregular Verbs Strategies for Mastering Irregular Verbs Journal Writing RECAP Using Irregular Verbs Correctly CHAPTER 14 Using Passive Voice and Progressive Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense Overview: Passive Voice and Progressive Tense Understanding Active and Passive Voice Progressive Tenses Consistency in Tense Journal Writing RECAP Using Passive Voice and Progressive Tenses, and Maintaining Consistency in Tense CHAPTER 15 Dealing with Additional Elements of Verb Use Overview: Special Problems with Verbs Can and Could Will and Would Forms of to Be Journal Writing RECAP Dealing with Additional Elements of Verb Use ASSESSMENT 3 PART 4 Sentence Elements: Striving for Precision The Faces of Discovery CHAPTER 16 Working with Nouns Overview: Words That Name The Function and Form of Nouns Singular Nouns Ending in -s and Collective Nouns Cue Words That Identify Number Journal Writing RECAP Working with Nouns CHAPTER 17 Using Pronouns: Considering Case, Clear Pronoun Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage Overview: The Correct Pronoun Choice Pronoun Types Pronoun Case Agreement in Number Agreement with Indefinite Pronouns Errors in Agreement with Demonstrative Pronouns and Adjectives The Role of Reflexive or Intensive Pronouns Agreement in That, Who, and Which Clauses Problems with Gender in Pronoun Antecedent Agreement Avoidance of Sexist Language Journal Writing RECAP Using Pronouns: Considering Case, Clear Pronoun Antecedent Agreement, and Nonsexist Pronoun Usage CHAPTER 18 Working with Adjectives and Adverbs: Using Modifiers Effectively Overview: Building Precise Detail with Modifiers The Positive Form of Adjectives and Adverbs The Comparative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs The Superlative Form of Adjectives and Adverbs Irregular and Confusing Modifiers Double Negatives Problems with - ing Modifiers Journal Writing RECAP Using Modifiers ASSESSMENT 4 PART 5 Consistency Workshop: Aiming for Correctness The Faces of Discovery CHAPTER 19 Maintaining Parallelism Overview: Creating Balance in Writing Keeping Individual Words in a Series Parallel Keeping Phrases in a Series Parallel Parallelism with Correlative Conjunctions Journal Writing RECAP Maintaining Parallelism 3 CHAPTER 20 Mastering Spelling Overview: The Importance of Correct Spelling Forming Plurals Prefixes and Suffixes Doubling the Final Consonant Words with ie or ei Combinations Confusing Endings and Incorrect Forms Commonly Confused Words Maintaining a Personal Spelling Dictionary Journal Writing RECAP Mastering Spelling CHAPTER 21 Using Commas Overview: When Commas Are Needed Comma Function 1 To indicate a pause between two simple sentences connected by a coordinating conjunction Comma Function 2 To separate items in a series Comma Function 3 To separate an introductory phrase from the rest of the sentence Comma Function 4 To set off an introductory subordinate clause Comma Function 5 To set off word groups that would otherwise interrupt the flow of the sentence Comma Function 6 To set off a direct quotation from the rest of the sentence Comma Function 7 To punctuate dates and addresses Journal Writing RECAP Using Commas CHAPTER 22 Using Punctuation Properly Overview: The Role of Punctuation Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points Colons and Semicolons Quotation Marks Apostrophes Journal Writing RECAP Using Punctuation Properly CHAPTER 23 Capitalizing Correctly Overview: Proper Capitalization When Words Should Be Capitalized Journal Writing RECAP Capitalizing Correctly ASSESSMENT 5 PART 6 Discovering Connections through Reading Overview: Active Reading Strategies Taking Notes Five Steps to Active Reading Active Reading Illustrated To Be an All-American Girl Elizabeth Wong Education Malcolm X Becoming a Writer Russell Baker Complaining Maya Angelou Baseball Annie Dillard The Pleasures of the Text Charles McGrath Remembering India Elsa "Chachi" Maldonado "For.