Preface 1. What It Takes to Have Your Say Writing as Exploration Arguing Arguing at a Distance Exploring the Issues in this Book Examples of Issues Perspectives on Issues Having YOUR Say Learning to Have Your Say Exercises I. CRITICAL READING: EXPLORING A POINT OF VIEW 2. Spans: The Segments of an Argument The Issue Span: Seeing the Issue Variations in the Issue Span Tip-Off Terms Recognizing the Boundaries of the Issue Span The Problem Span: Understanding the Problem Explaining the Tension Tip-Off Terms Change in Scope: Separating the Issue and Problem Spans The Solution Span: Finding and Evaluating Options Tip-Off Terms Solution Span in the Readings Is There Any Solution? Drawing Lines Between the Spans Inferring the Author''s Starting Point Using Spans to Analyze, to Explore, and to Guide Exercises 3. Stases: Taking Standpoints Along a Path The Stasis Sequence in Different Spans Dividing a Span into Stases Existence Claims The Point of an Existence Claim Developing Existence Arguments Clues for Spotting Existence Claims Tip-Off Terms Definition Claims The Point of a Definition Claim Developing Definition Arguments Clues to Spotting Definition Claims Tip-Off Terms Distinguishing Between Definition and Existence Claims Value Claims The Point of a Value Claim Developing Value Arguments Positive and Negative Phrasing Standards Absolute and Relative Values Clues to Spotting Value Claims Tip-Off Terms Distinguishing Between Value and Definition Claims Cause Claims The Point of a Cause Claim Agents and Factors Developing Cause Arguments Clues to Spotting Cause Claims Tip-Off Terms Action Claims The Point of an Action Claim Clues to Spotting Action Claims Tip-Off Terms Choices of Agent and Action The Size and Shape of a Stasis Exercises 4. Supporting Claims: Appealing to Logos, Ethos and Pathos Appeals to Logos Observations, Testimony, and Statistics Logic, Common Sense and Probability Appeals to Ethos Independent Experts Eyewitnesses Stakeholders Personal Experience The Author''s Ethos Appeals to Pathos Naming Emotions Invoking Sensations Using Graphics Supporting Claims at Each Stases Signalling Degrees of Uncertainty Clues for Spotting Uncertainty The Point of Uncertainty: Making Progress Breadth and Depth: Spans, Stases and Appeals Appeals Charts for Castleman and Chivers Exercises 5. Junctions: Crossing Alternative Paths The Point of Disagreeing The Main Path and Alternative Paths Identifying Opponents Naming People and Groups Defining and Naming a Group Cross Roads: The Opponent''s Alternative Path Merging Lanes: Concessions Taking the Exit: Rebuttal Signaling Disagreement Signaling Agreement With Verbs Of Attribution Challenging the Claim Challenging the Support Re-entering the Main Path: Restatement Exercises 6. Style: Appealing Through Language Identifying a Popular Opinion Style Dealing with a Provocative Style Provocative Insiders Putting a Provocative Style in Perspective Dealing with a Journalistic Style Dealing with an Academic Style A Combination of Styles in College Writing Exercises PART I READINGS Environment Chivers C.

J. "Scraping Bottom" Easterbrook, Gregg. "They Stopped the Sky from Falling" Gomez-Pompa, Arturo, and Andrea Kaus. "Taming the Wilderness Myth" Shiflett, Dave. "Parks and Wreck - Against Jet Skiers, Snowmobilers, and Other Louts" Kristof, Nicholas. "In Praise of Snowmobiles" Robinson, John. "The Responsibility to Conserve Wild Species" Crime Castleman, Michael. "Opportunity Knocks" Kleck, Gary.

"There Are No Lessons to Be Learned from Littleton." Meares, Tracey and Dan Kahan. "When Rights are Wrong" Brooks, George. "Let''s Not Gang Up on Our Kids" Kollin, Joe. "Why Don''t We Name Juveniles?" Shapiro, Bruce. "One Violent Crime" II. EXPLORING AN ISSUE 7. Finding Entry Points From a Text to a Conversation Authors and Arguments Scholars Stakeholders Decision Makers Pundits Cases Real World Cases Problem Cases Ideal Cases Hypothetical cases Personal Experience Starting an Authentic Exploration Exercises 8.

Surveying the Terrain Sources Newspapers and Magazines Trade and Professional Association Journals Advocacy Journals and Sites Government Publications and Websites Scholarly Journals Books Television News and Weekly Popular News Magazines Combining Sources: Where to Begin Searching and Selecting Strategies Using Indexes and Databases Finding Authorship Data on Websites Evaluating Sources Relevance Originality Document Type Timeliness Ethos of Author or Sponsoring Group Summing Up the Value of a Source 9. Exploring by Responding Narrating a Case Lay out the Details Narrate the Frustration Show instead of always Telling Responding to an Author Agreeing and Disagreeing Using Rogerian Argument Playing Devil''s Advocate Imitating Arguing and Expressing 10. Exploring and Constructing a Problem Two Strategies for Exploring the Problem Stating a Problem Stating Goals Exploring Possible Causes Working Backwards from a Solution Analyzing Problem Cases Collecting and Grouping Cases Varying the Aspects with Hypothetical Cases Exploring Significance Narrating a Case 11. Exploring and Constructing Solutions Facing the Unknown Generating Solutions from Problem Statements Changing the Terrain Changing Goals or Values Changing Expectations and Observations Generating Solutions from Cases Finding Previously Tried Solutions Importing a Solution through Analogy Testing Solutions with Cases Predicting Effects on Problem Cases Evaluating Costs and Benefits 12. Mapping a Conversation Relating Your Position to Others'' Synthesis Defined Selecting a Relevant Set of Authors What are Synthesis Trees? Sample Student Trees Identifying Common Approaches Grouping Authors Branching out Groups and Subgroups Drawing Fair Inferences Asking Argument-Based Questions Problem Trees and Solution Trees Trees Based on Stasis Testing the Tree Role-Playing Testing with Problem Cases Looking for Coherence and Balance Exercises III. HAVING YOUR SAY 13. Having Your Say on an Author''s Argument Planning Purpose and Audience Planning Your Line of Argument Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument Peer Review Questions Sample Papers 14. Having Your Say by Responding to an Author Planning Purpose and Audience Planning Your Line of Argument Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument Peer Review Questions Sample Papers 15.

Having Your Say on the State of the Debate State of the Debate Papers versus Response Papers Sample State of the Debate Papers Planning Purpose and Audience Planning Your Line of Argument Choosing a Paradigm Case Approaches Describing Positions Within an Approach Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement Adopting an Analytic Style Criteria for a Good State of the Debate Paper Peer Review Questions 16. Having Your Say on the Problem Planning Purpose and Audience Planning Your Line of Argument Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement Criteria for a Good Problem-Based Argument Peer Review Questions Sample Papers 17. Having Your Say on the Solution Planning Purpose and Audience Planning Your Line of Argument Allocating Space and Planning the Arrangement Criteria for a Good Solution-Based Argument Peer Review Questions Sample Student Papers IV. READING AND WRITING RESOURCES 18. Critical Reading Process Preparing to Read Reading for the First Time Reading to Deepen Your Understanding Reading to Map Out the Argument Following Through After Reading Exercises 19. A Repertoire of Writing Processes Writing Process Components Individual Process Styles Planning Types of Plans Planning an Arrangement Returning to Planning for Midcourse Corrections Drafting Strategies for Generating Plans and Passages Freewriting Talking It Out Using Keyword Templates Evaluating Detecting Diagnosing Revising Revising for Organization Edit.