Preface x Introduction 1 1 The Associations between Fishes and Luminescent Bacteria 6 Luminescent Bacteria 6 Symbiotic Luminescent Bacteria in Fish Light Organs 8 Flashlight Fishes 11 Taxonomy and Distribution 11 The Light Organs 13 The Eye and the Light Organ 17 Reproduction, Larval and Light Organ Development 18 The Photophobic Response 20 The Use of Light by Flashlight Fishes 21 School Formation 22 Territorial Defense 22 Sexual Signaling 22 Deep Sea Ceratioid Anglerfishes 24 Structure, Diversity and Distribution 24 Reproductive Strategies 25 Obligatory Sexual Parasitism 26 Temporary Associations 28 Facultative Sexual Parasitism 29 Light Organ Structure and Development: Light and the Mechanisms Controlling its Emission 29 The Use of Lures by Anglerfishes 34 Ponyfishes 37 Structure, Distribution and Taxonomy 37 The Light Organ System (LOS) and Diversity of the Generated Light Patterns 38 Disruptive Illumination 40 Discrete Projected Luminescence (DPL) 41 Ventral Body Flash 41 Opercular Flash 42 Buccal Luminescence 42 Sex-Specific Signaling 43 Inception of the Association between Luminescent Bacteria and Ponyfishes 43 Sexual Dimorphism of the LOS, Sex-Specific Signaling and the Role of Sexual Selection in the Evolution of Leiognathid Fishes 44 Specificity of the Partnerships between Luminescent Bacteria and Fishes 47 Optimization of the Benefits to Fishes from their Association with Bacteria 48 The Evolution of the Partnerships between Fishes and Luminescent Bacteria 49 References 52 2 The Associations between Fishes and Sponges 58 Sponges 58 Predator Deterrence by Sponges 59 Multiple Species Assemblages in Sponges 61 Obligatory Fish Symbionts and Adaptations for Living in Association with Sponges 62 Nutrition, Reproduction and Sponge Occupation by Obligatory Symbiotic Fishes 68 Partner Specificity and Sponge Sharing by Obligatory Symbiotic Fishes 69 Evolution of the Partnership Between Obligatory Fish Symbionts and Sponges 70 Sponges as Living Incubators of Fish Eggs 72 Facultative Partnerships Between Fishes and Sponges 74 References 75 3 The Associations between Fishes and Anthozoans 79 Sea Anemones 79 The Stinging Cells and their Release Mechanism 80 Obligatory Associations with Sea Anemones of Fishes of the Genera Amphiprion and Premnas 81 The Taxonomy, Distribution and Ecology of Host Sea Anemones and their Associated Fishes 81 The Protection of Anemone Fishes from Sea Anemones 86 Recognition, Attraction to and Selection of Sea Anemones by Anemone Fishes 93 Partner Specificity 104 Host Preference 106 Competitive Interactions 106 Stochastic Processes 109 Habitat Preference 109 Geographical Overlap 109 Protection from Sea Anemones 109 Species Coexistence 110 Adaptations of Anemone Fishes for Living with Sea Anemones 111 Protandric Sex Reversal 111 Monogamy and Mate Recognition 114 Step-fathering 118 Social Control of Growth and the Tolerance of Nonbreeders by the Breeders 118 Fish Territoriality, Aggression and the Sea Anemone 121 Limited Larval Dispersal and Natal Recruitment 124 Benefits and Costs to Anemone Fishes and Sea Anemones from being Associated and their Short-term Mutual Impacts 128 The Evolution of the Anemone Fish?Sea Anemone Partnership 134 The Facultative Associations Between Fishes and Sea Anemones 135 Protection from Sea Anemones 140 Partner Specificity 141 Settlement and Recruitment of D. trimaculatus to Sea Anemones 142 The Sharing of Sea Anemones with Anemone Fishes 143 Benefits and Costs to Facultative Fish Partners and Sea Anemones 144 The Associations Between Fishes and Scleractinian Corals 145 Scleractinian Corals 145 Microhabitat Selection by Coral Dwelling Fishes 146 Attraction of Pomacentrid Fishes to Corals 146 Attraction of Pomacentrids to Corals Inhabited by Conspecifics 150 Coral Occupation, Competiton and Coexistence of Coral dwelling Gobies 153 Adaptations to Habitat by Coral Dwelling Gobies 157 Small Size and Morphology 157 Noxious Skin 158 Hypoxia Tolerance and Air Breathing 158 Bidirectional Sex Reversal 159 Monogamy 161 Social Control of Growth 162 Multiple Species Assemblages Involving Coral Dwelling Gobies and Crustaceans 164 Benefits and Costs to Fishes and Corals for being Associated 169 Benefits to Fishes 169 Costs to Fishes 173 Benefits to Corals 177 Costs to Corals 180 Social Structure and Mating System Evolution in Coral Dwelling Damselfishes of the genus Dascyllus 181 References 186 4 The Associations between Fishes and Siphonophores 202 Siphonophores 202 Physalia physalis ?the Portuguese Man-of-War 203 Fishes Associated with Siphonophores other than Physalia physalis 204 Fishes Associated with Physalia physalis 207 References 209 5 The Associations between Fishes and Scyphozoan Medusae 212 Scyphozoan medusae 212 Predation on Scyphozoan Medusae and their Structural and Behavioral Antipredator Defenses 214 Fishes Associated with Scyphozoan Medusae 215 The Protection of Fishes from Scyphozoan Medusae 217 Recognition and Attraction to Scyphozoan Medusae by Associated Fishes 217 Partner Specificity, Duration of the Medusa?Fish Bond and the Effects of the Medusae Size on the Associated Fishes 219 Benefits and Costs to Fishes and Medusae from being Associated 221 The Effects of Medusae on Fish Recruitment 225 The Association of Fishes with Floating Objects and the Fish?Medusa Partnership 226 References 227 6 The Associations between Fishes and Molluscs 230 The Association between Fishes and Cephalopods 230 Cephalopods 230 Octopus Dens, Foraging and Antipredatory Behavior 231 Scavenging Fishes Associated with Octopus Dens 233 Fishes Associated with Foraging Octopuses 234 Octopuses and Cleaning Symbiosis 238 Transport Associations between Octopuses and Fishes 239 Fishes Associated with Squid Schools 239 The Association between Fishes and Gastropods 241 Gastropods 241 Predation on Conchs, Antipredatory Strategies and Foraging in Conchs 241 The Association between Cardinal Fishes and Conchs 242 The Association between Nudibranchs and Gobiid Fishes 245 The Association between a Pearlfish and an Opisthobranch Gastropod 246 The Association between Fishes and Bivalves 246 Bivalves 246 The Glochidia Larvae of Freshwater Mussels and their Host Fishes 247 Bitterlings and their Freshwater Mussel Hosts 248 Attraction of the European Bitterling to Mussels and Choice of Oviposition Sites 250 Adaptations of Bitterling for Development Inside Freshwater Mussels 252 Male Reproductive Behavior and the Mussel 254 Female Reproductive Behavior and the Mussel 257 Host Utilization by Sympatric Bitterling Species 260 Costs and Benefits for the Mussel and Possible Coevolution of the Bitterling?Mussel Partnership 263 Pearl Fishes Associated with Bivalves 265 The Association of Snailfish and Red Hake with Sea Scallops 265 References 269 7 The Associations between Fishes and Crustaceans 276 The Associations between Fishes and Cleaner Shrimps 276 Cleaning Symbiosis and Shrimp 276 Taxonomy, Morphology, Coloration and Distribution of Cleaner Shrimp 276 Cleaner Shrimp Activity 287 Associations between Cleaner Shrimp and Sea Anemones 288 Communication between Fishes and Cleaner Shrimp 292 Removal of Parasites versus Mucus by Cleaner Shrimp 294 Costs and Benefits for Cleaner Shrimp and Fish Clients and the Proximate Mechanisms for Cleaning 296 The Evolution of the Cleaner Shrimp?Fish Partnership 298 Feeding associations between fishes and crustaceans 299 Mixed Species Schools of Fishes and Crustaceans 300 Liparid Fishes Associated with Lithodid Crabs 301 The Associations between Fishes and Burrowing Brachyuran Crabs 303 Gobiid Fishes Associated with Burrowing Thalassinid Shrimp 305 Thalassinid Shrimp and their Burrows 305 The Facultative Association of Clevelandia ios with Callianassa californiensis and Upogebia pugettensis 307 The Obligatory Association of the Blind Goby Typhlogobius californiensis with Callianassa affinis 311 The Obligatory Association of Austrolethops wardi with Neaxius acanthus 313 The Obligatory Association of Didogobius amicuscardis with Axiopsis serratifrons 314 Gobiid Fishes Associated with Burrowing Alpheid Shrimps 316 Systematics of Gobies and Shrimps 316 Biogeography 318 Diet and Feeding Behavior 319 Habitat Specificity 322 Population Structure and Dynamics 324 Burrow Structure, Construction and Dynamics 326 Activity Rhythms 330 Aggressive Behavior and Territoriality of Goby and Shrimp 334 Reproduction of Goby and Shrimp 336 Interspecific Communication 338 Communication under Natural Conditions in Indo-Pacific Partnerships 338 Warning Signal Generation by Indo-Pacific Gobies in Response to Predators and Models of Predators 340 Sequence and Information Analyses in I.