Preface Acknowledgments About the Author Nomenclature Introduction Prologue Relevant Terminology The Equivalence Ratio Efficiency Considerations Cogeneration References The Internal Combustion Engine The Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engine Hybrid Engine Applications Selection of Engine Power Systems References The Compression Ignition Engine The Diesel Engine Operational Features of Diesel Engines The Ignition Delay Diesel Engine Fuels Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines References Gas-Fueled Engines Merits of Operating on Gaseous Fuels Modes of Operation of Gas-Fueled Engines The Applications of Gas-Fueled Engines References The Premixed Dual-Fuel Engine Historical Development Dual-Fuel Engine Operation The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation The Employment of Dual-Fuel Engines Some Economic Considerations References Methane and Natural Gas as Engine Fuels Natural Gas as a Fuel Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Fuel Mixtures Containing Methane with Diluent Gases Some Other Natural Gas Mixtures Some Common Non-Natural Gas¿Fuel Mixtures Biogas Fuels Landfill Gases Some Other Gaseous Fuel Mixtures References Liquefied Petroleum Gases, Hydrogen, and Other Alternative Fuels Evaluating the Merits of the Different Gaseous Fuels for Dual-Fuel Operation Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Other Alternative Fuels Hydrogen as an Engine Fuel References Safety Considerations Fuel Safety Requirements Methane and CNG Operational Safety LNG Operational Safety Operational Safety of LPG Gases Some Engine Safety Measures References Combustion of Fuel Gases Some Combustion Fundamentals Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes Diffusion vs. Premixed Combustion Diesel Engine Combustion Heat Release Analysis Flammability and Combustion Limits of Gas Fuel-Air Mixtures Methane Oxidation within Fuel Mixtures References The Conversion of Diesel Engines to Dual-Fuel Operation Economics of Conversion The Requirements for Conversion to Dual-Fuel Operation Some Features of Conversion to Dual-Fuel Operation Engines Dedicated Wholly to Dual-Fuel Operation References The Diesel Fuel Pilot The Function of the Pilot Pilot Size Considerations Reduction of the Relative Size of the Pilot Pilot Fuel Delivery Systems Micro-Pilot Applications References Gaseous Fuel Admission Modes of Fuel Gas Admission Some of the Limitations of Fuel Gas Fumigation In-Cylinder Direct Injection of Ultra-High-Pressure Fuel Gas LNG, LPG, and Hydrogen Admissions References Dual-Fuel Engine Combustion Combustion Processes The Ignition Delay Flame Propagation Limits Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engine Combustion Combustion with Direct In-Cylinder High-Pressure Gas Injection References Dual-Fuel Engine Performance Performance Under Light Load Conditions Some Remedial Measures for Improving Light Load Operation The Dispensing of Fugitive Gas Emissions through the Operation of Diesel Engines on Ultra-Lean Methane-Air Mixtures Rich Mixture Operation in Dual-Fuel Engines Simultaneous Production of Synthesis Gas and Power in a Dual-Fuel Engine References Knock in Dual-Fuel Engines Knock in Gas-Fueled Spark Ignition Engines The Knock Rating of Fuels Diesel Engine Knock Dual-Fuel Engine Knock Some Measures to Reduce the Incidence of Knock References Exhaust Emissions Exhaust Products of Engine Combustion Dual-Fuel Engine Emissions Oxides of Nitrogen Emissions Particulate Emissions Oxides of Sulfur Emissions Emission Control Measures Emissions of Greenhouse Gases References Some Operational Features of Dual-Fuel Engines Dual-Fuel Engine Performance Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Heat Transfer in Dual-Fuel Engines Engine Operation on LNG Cyclic Variations References Dual-Fuel Engine Management Engine Management Systems Some Features of Dual-Fuel Management References Dual-Fuel Engine Operation on Alternative Fuels Dual-Fuel Operation on Propane, Butane, and LPG Operation on Hydrogen with Pilot Ignition Dual-Fuel Operation with Some Gasoline Fumigation Dual-Fuel Operation with Alcohol Fumigation Operation on Biogases and Methane-Diluent Fuel Mixtures References Predictive Modeling of Dual-Fuel Engine Performance Modeling Combustion Processes Predictive Modeling of Engine Performance Modeling Dual-Fuel Engine Performance Some Modeled Examples References Glossary Bibliography.