Introduction Preamble Different Forms of Energy Primary Sources of Energy Non-Fossil Fuel-Based Energy Considering the Losses of Energy from Its Production Source to Its Point of Consumption Energy Resources Exploitation Fuels in General Introduction Some of the Main Desirable Properties of Fuels Some Relevant Units of Measurement Some Patterns of Fuel and Energy Resources and Usage Definitions of Reserves Some General Observations about Fuel and Energy Statistics Changes in the Consumption of Different Sources of Energy Fuels Classification Fossil Fuels Hydrocarbon Fuels Some Oxygenated Compounds Fuel-Consuming Energy Systems Fuel-Consuming Work-Producing Devices Work and Heat Efficiency Fuel Energy Systems Cogeneration Fuel Consumption Hybrid Engines Choice of Energy Systems Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics Heating Value of Fuels Adiabatic Flame Temperature Procedure for Calculating the Temperature and Composition of the Products of Combustion, When Equilibrium Conditions are Assumed Calorimeters Some Solved Examples Chemical Kinetics of Fuel Combustion Chemical Reactions Combustion Chemical Kinetics Solved Examples Modeling Fuel Combustion Reactions Types of Chemical Reactions Relevant to Fuels and Energy Exhaust Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels Products of Combustion of Fuels Air Pollution Control Catalytic Converters Greenhouse Effect Sulfur in Fuels Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals Solved Example Combustion and Flames Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames Combustion Stability Characteristics Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices Combustion of Solid Fuels Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling Fuel Fires Flammability Limits of Fuels Some Protective Measures Flash Point Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety Solved Example Petroleum Petroleum Reservoirs Oil Recovery Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods Oil Sands Oil Shale Refining of Petroleum Need for Refining Refining Chemical Processes Catalysts and Their Action Controls through Codes and Standards Gasoline Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines Volatility Additives to Gasoline Catalysts Spark Ignition Engine Knock Some Features of Engine Knock Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines Operational Knock Limits Octane Number Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock Knock Control Three-Way Catalyst Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels Diesel Engine Combustion Processes Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines Diesel Engine Fuels Diesel Engine Emissions Biodiesel Fuels Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Dual-Fuel Eng and Heat Efficiency Fuel Energy Systems Cogeneration Fuel Consumption Hybrid Engines Choice of Energy Systems Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics Heating Value of Fuels Adiabatic Flame Temperature Procedure for Calculating the Temperature and Composition of the Products of Combustion, When Equilibrium Conditions are Assumed Calorimeters Some Solved Examples Chemical Kinetics of Fuel Combustion Chemical Reactions Combustion Chemical Kinetics Solved Examples Modeling Fuel Combustion Reactions Types of Chemical Reactions Relevant to Fuels and Energy Exhaust Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels Products of Combustion of Fuels Air Pollution Control Catalytic Converters Greenhouse Effect Sulfur in Fuels Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals Solved Example Combustion and Flames Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames Combustion Stability Characteristics Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices Combustion of Solid Fuels Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling Fuel Fires Flammability Limits of Fuels Some Protective Measures Flash Point Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety Solved Example Petroleum Petroleum Reservoirs Oil Recovery Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods Oil Sands Oil Shale Refining of Petroleum Need for Refining Refining Chemical Processes Catalysts and Their Action Controls through Codes and Standards Gasoline Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines Volatility Additives to Gasoline Catalysts Spark Ignition Engine Knock Some Features of Engine Knock Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines Operational Knock Limits Octane Number Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock Knock Control Three-Way Catalyst Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels Diesel Engine Combustion Processes Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines Diesel Engine Fuels Diesel Engine Emissions Biodiesel Fuels Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Dual-Fuel Eng;BR>Sulfur in Fuels Fuel-Induced Corrosion of Metals Solved Example Combustion and Flames Combustion, Flames, and Ignition Processes Diffusion Flames versus Premixed Flames Combustion Stability Characteristics Fuel Combustion via Burners and Orifices Combustion of Solid Fuels Solid Fuels Combustion Using Fluidized Beds Fire and Safety in Relation to Fuel Installations and Handling Fuel Fires Flammability Limits of Fuels Some Protective Measures Flash Point Some Terms Related to Fuel Fires and Safety Solved Example Petroleum Petroleum Reservoirs Oil Recovery Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods Oil Sands Oil Shale Refining of Petroleum Need for Refining Refining Chemical Processes Catalysts and Their Action Controls through Codes and Standards Gasoline Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines Volatility Additives to Gasoline Catalysts Spark Ignition Engine Knock Some Features of Engine Knock Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines Operational Knock Limits Octane Number Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock Knock Control Three-Way Catalyst Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels Diesel Engine Combustion Processes Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines Diesel Engine Fuels Diesel Engine Emissions Biodiesel Fuels Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Dual-Fuel Engp;lt;BR>Refining Chemical Processes Catalysts and Their Action Controls through Codes and Standards Gasoline Spark Ignition Gasoline-Fueled Engines Volatility Additives to Gasoline Catalysts Spark Ignition Engine Knock Some Features of Engine Knock Some Negative Effects of Knock in Spark Ignition Engines Operational Knock Limits Octane Number Effects of Engine Variables for Increased Incidence of Knock Knock Control Three-Way Catalyst Diesel Fuels and Some Other Liquid Fuels Diesel Engine Combustion Processes Ignition Delay in Diesel Engines Diesel Engine Fuels Diesel Engine Emissions Biodiesel Fuels Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Dual-Fuel Engine Liquid Fuels for Aviation Applications Heavy Fuels for Boiler and Furnace Applications Liquid and Solid Propellants Solved Example Solid Fuels Combustion of Solid Fuels Coal Case for Coal Some Properties of Coal Classification of Coals Solved Examples Coal Combustion in Fluidized Beds Gasification of Coal Underground Gasification of Coal Some Other Solid Fuels Coal Bed Methane Solid Fuels as Propellants Solved Example Natural Gas and Other Gaseous Fuels Merits of Operation on Gaseous Fuels Natural Gas Natural Gas Transmission Flaring of Fuel Gases Liquefied Natural Gas LNG Safety Hydrates of Methane Comparison of Features of Natural Gas-Fueled Gas Turbines with Those of Spark-Ignition Engines Propane and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Solved Example LPG Safety Some Common Non-Natural Gas Mixtures Landfill Gases Biogas Fuels Hydrogen Sulfide Solved Examples Alternative Fuels Introduction Applications Alcohols as Fuels Hydrogen as a Fuel Liquid Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas Glossary References Index Problems, a Synopsis, and a Bibliography appear at the end of each chapter. gnition Engines Propane and Liquefied Petroleum Gas Solved Example LPG Safety Some Common Non-Natural Gas Mixtures Landfill Gases Biogas Fuels Hydrogen Sulfide Solved Examples Alt.