Preface Acknowledgements 1 The Missing Century The Enlightenment, the Nation, and Modern Spain 1 Introduction 2 The Nineteenth-Century Spanish Enlightenment 3 The Twentieth-Century View of the Absence of the Spanish Enlightenment 4 Religion and the Spanish Political Elites 5 The Diplomatic Enlightenment 2 Predicting War and Peace 1 Introduction 2 Spain, Europe, and Arbitrary Monarchy 3 Crisis and Catharsis: The Dawn of the Early Spanish Enlightenment 4 What News Do You Bring? 5 Information Overload and Elite Political Debate 3 Investing in the Luces 1 Introduction 2 Shorting Diplomacy 3 Representations of the Spanish Empire 4 The Assembly of Public Trust 5 Luces in the Mines 6 The Seminary of Lawsuits: Law, Trade, and Corporations 7 José Carvajal y Lancaster and the Arbitration of Europe 8 Private Vices, Public Virtues, and Diplomatic Cooperation 9 Coins, Corporations, China, and Europe 10 The Naval Officer and the Aristocrat 4 Revolts and Returns Free Trade and the Fear of Independence 1 Introduction 2 Investing in a New Timepiece 3 Mapping Reform in Enlightenment Europe 4 Free Trade: The Farce of Independence and the Growth of Spanish Political Economic Debate 5 The Perils of Emulation: Corporations and the Meaning of the Spanish Empire 6 The Criticism of Carvajal's Joint-Stock Companies 5 The Lever of the Balance of Power 1 Introduction 2 Iberia's Role in Europe 3 Borders and Trade 4 Investing in Peace 5 A Monarchy without a King 6 Carthage's Contractors The Ends of the Spanish Empire 1 Introduction 2 The Grain Monopoly and the Voice of the People 3 The Idea of the Nation: Outsourcing Propaganda and Colonisation 4 Constitutionalism in the Spanish Empire and the International Order 7 Conclusion Bibliography Index.