List of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction to Global Climate Change and Terrestrial Invertebrates 1 Scott N. Johnson and T. Hefin Jones 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Predictions for Climate and Atmospheric Change 2 1.3 General Mechanisms for Climate Change Impacts on Invertebrates 2 1.3.1 Direct Impacts on Physiology, Performance and Behaviour 3 1.

3.2 Indirect Impacts on Habitats, Resources and Interacting Organisms 3 1.4 Themes of the Book 4 1.4.1 Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Global Climate Change 4 1.4.2 Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 4 1.4.

3 Multi-Trophic Interactions and Invertebrate Communities 5 1.4.4 Evolution, Intervention and Emerging Perspectives 6 Acknowledgements 7 References 7 Part I Methods for Studying Invertebrates and Climate Change 9 2 Using Historical Data for Studying Range Changes 11 Georgina Palmer and Jane K. Hill Summary 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Review of Historical Data Sets on Species'' Distributions 13 2.3 Methods for Using Historical Data to Estimate Species'' Range Changes 15 2.3.

1 Measuring Changes in Distribution Size 16 2.3.2 Measuring Change in the Location of Species Ranges 16 2.3.3 An Invertebrate Example: Quantifying Range Shift by the Comma Butterfly Polygonia c-album in Britain 17 2.4 Challenges and Biases in Historical Data 19 2.4.1 Taxonomic Bias 19 2.

4.2 Spatial and Temporal Biases 20 2.4.3 Accounting for Temporal and Spatial Biases 21 2.5 New Ways of Analysing Data and Future Perspectives 23 Acknowledgements 24 References 24 3 Experimental Approaches for Assessing Invertebrate Responses to Global Change Factors 30 Richard L. Lindroth and Kenneth F. Raffa Summary 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.

2 Experimental Scale: Reductionist, Holistic and Integrated Approaches 32 3.3 Experimental Design: Statistical Concerns 33 3.4 Experimental Endpoints: Match Metrics to Systems 35 3.5 Experimental Systems: Manipulations From Bottle to Field 36 3.5.1 Indoor Closed Systems 36 3.5.2 Outdoor Closed Systems 38 3.

5.3 Outdoor Open Systems 39 3.6 Team Science: the Human Dimension 40 3.6.1 Personnel 41 3.6.2 Guiding Principles 41 3.6.

3 Operation and Communication 41 3.7 Conclusions 41 Acknowledgements 42 References 42 4 Transplant Experiments - a Powerful Method to Study Climate Change Impacts 46 Sabine S. Nooten and Nigel R. Andrew Summary 46 4.1 Global Climate Change 46 4.2 Climate Change Impacts on Species 47 4.3 Climate Change Impacts on Communities 48 4.4 Common Approaches to Study Climate Change Impacts 48 4.

5 Transplant Experiments - a Powerful Tool to Study Climate Change 49 4.5.1 Can Species Adapt to a Warmer Climate? 50 4.5.2 The Potential of Range Shifts 50 4.5.3 Changes in the Timing of Events 51 4.5.

4 Shifts in Species Interactions 52 4.5.5 Disentangling Genotypic and Phenotypic Responses 54 4.5.6 Shifts in Communities 54 4.6 Transplant Experiment Trends Using Network Analysis 57 4.7 What''s Missing in Our Current Approaches? Next Steps for Implementing Transplant Experiments 60 Acknowledgements 62 References 62 Part II Friends and Foes: Ecosystem Service Providers and Vectors of Disease 69 5 Insect Pollinators and Climate Change 71 Jessica R. K.

Forrest Summary 71 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 The Pattern: Pollinator Populations and Climate Change 72 5.2.1 Phenology 72 5.2.2 Range Shifts 75 5.2.

3 Declining Populations 75 5.3 The Process: Direct Effects of Climate Change 76 5.3.1 Warmer Growing-Season Temperatures 76 5.3.2 Warmer Winters and Reductions in Snowpack 79 5.4 The Process: Indirect Effects of Climate Change 81 5.4.

1 Interactions with Food Plants 81 5.4.2 Interactions with Natural Enemies 82 5.5 Synthesis, and the View Ahead 83 Acknowledgements 84 References 84 6 Climate Change Effects on Biological Control in Grasslands 92 Philippa J. Gerard and Alison J. Popay Summary 92 6.1 Introduction 92 6.2 Changes in Plant Biodiversity 94 6.

3 Multitrophic Interactions and Food Webs 94 6.3.1 Warming and Predator Behaviour 97 6.3.2 Herbage Productivity and Quality 98 6.3.3 Plant Defence Compounds 98 6.3.

4 Fungal Endophytes 100 6.3.5 Changes in Plant Phenology 101 6.4 Greater Exposure to Extreme Events 102 6.4.1 Changes in Precipitation 102 6.4.2 Drought Effects 103 6.

5 Range Changes 103 6.6 Greater Exposure to Pest Outbreaks 104 6.7 Non-Target Impacts 104 6.8 Conclusion 105 Acknowledgements 105 References 105 7 Climate Change and Arthropod Ectoparasites and Vectors of Veterinary Importance 111 Hannah Rose Vineer, Lauren Ellse and Richard Wall Summary 111 7.1 Introduction 111 7.2 Parasite-Host Interactions 113 7.3 Evidence of the Impacts of Climate on Ectoparasites and Vectors 114 7.4 Impact of Human Behaviour and Husbandry on Ectoparasitism 116 7.

5 Farmer Intervention as a Density-Dependent Process 118 7.6 Predicting Future Impacts of Climate Change on Ectoparasites and Vectors 118 Acknowledgements 123 References 123 8 Climate Change and the Biology of Insect Vectors of Human Pathogens 126 Luis Fernando Chaves Summary 126 8.1 Introduction 126 8.2 Interaction with Pathogens 129 8.3 Physiology, Development and Phenology 131 8.4 Population Dynamics, Life History and Interactions with Other Vector Species 132 8.5 Case Study of Forecasts for Vector Distribution Under Climate Change: The Altitudinal Range of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus in Nagasaki, Japan 134 8.6 Vector Ecology and Evolution in Changing Environments 138 Acknowledgements 139 References 140 9 Climate and Atmospheric Change Impacts on Aphids as Vectors of Plant Diseases 148 James M.

W. Ryalls and Richard Harrington Summary 148 9.1 The Disease Pyramid 148 9.1.1 Aphids 149 9.1.2 Host-Plants 152 9.1.

3 Viruses 154 9.2 Interactions with the Pyramid 155 9.2.1 Aphid-Host-Plant Interactions 155 9.2.2 Host-Plant-Virus Interactions 158 9.2.3 Virus-Aphid Interactions 160 9.

2.4 Aphid-Host-Plant-Virus Interactions 162 9.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 162 Acknowledgements 163 References 164 Part III Multi-Trophic Interactions and Invertebrate Communities 177 10 Global Change, Herbivores and Their Natural Enemies 179 William T. Hentley and Ruth N. Wade Summary 179 10.1 Introduction 180 10.2 Global Climate Change and Insect Herbivores 181 10.3 Global Climate Change and Natural Enemies of Insect Herbivores 185 10.

3.1 Elevated Atmospheric CO2 185 10.3.1.1 Prey Location 185 10.3.1.2 Prey Quality 186 10.

3.2 Temperature Change 186 10.3.3 Reduction in Mean Precipitation 188 10.3.4 Extreme Events 190 10.3.5 Ozone and UV-B 190 10.

4 Multiple Abiotic Factors 191 10.5 Conclusions 192 Acknowledgements 193 References 193 11 Climate Change in the Underworld: Impacts for Soil-Dwelling Invertebrates 201 Ivan Hiltpold, Scott N. Johnson, Renée-Claire Le Bayon and Uffe N. Nielsen Summary 201 11.1 Introduction 201 11.1.1 Soil Community Responses to Climate Change 202 11.1.

2 Scope of the Chapter 202 11.2 Effect of Climate Change on Nematodes: Omnipresent Soil Invertebrates 203 11.2.1 Nematode Responses to eCO2 203 11.2.2 Nematode Responses to Warming 205 11.2.3 Nematode Responses to Altered Precipitation Regimes 206 11.

2.4 Ecosystem Level Effects of Nematode Responses to Climate Change 207 11.3 Effect of Climate Change on Insect Root Herbivores, the Grazers of the Dark 207 11.3.1 Insect Root Herbivore Responses to eCO2 208 11.3.2 Insect Root Herbivore Responses to Warming 210 11.3.

3 Insect Root Herbivore Responses to Altered Precipitation 210 11.3.4 Soil-Dwelling Insects as Modifiers of Climate Change Effects 211 11.4 Effect of Climate Change on Earthworms: the Crawling Engineers of Soil 212 11.4.1 Earthworm Responses to eCO2 212 11.4.2 Earthworm Responses to Warming and Altered Precipitation 214 11.

4.3 Climate Change Modification of Earthworm-Plant-Microbe Interactions 214 11.4.4 Influence of Climate Change on Earthworms in Belowground Food Webs 215 11.4.5 Influence of Climate Change on Earthworm Colonization of New Habitats 215 11.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 216 Acknowledgements 217 References 218 12 Impacts of Atmospheric and Precipitation Change on Aboveground-Belowground Invertebrate Interactions 229 Scott N. Johnson, James M.

W. Ryalls and Joanna T. Staley Summary 229 12.1 Introduction 229 12.1.1 Interactions Between Shoot and Root Herbivores 231 12.1.2 Interactions Between Herbivores and Non-Herbivorous Invertebrates 232 12.

1.2.1 Detritivore-Shoot Herbivore Interactions 232 12.1.2.2 Root Herbivore-Pollinator Interactions 232 12.2 Atmospheric Change - Elevated Carbon.