Author Biographies xxv Preface to the Second Edition xxvii List of Symbols xxix Part I Protective Devices and Controls 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Power System Protection 3 1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 3 1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8 1.4 Definitions Used in System Protection 9 1.5 System Disturbances 11 1.6 Book Contents 12 Problems 14 References 15 2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17 2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17 2.
2 Typical Relay Connections 19 2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 22 2.4 Instrument Transformers 23 2.5 Relay Control Configurations 37 2.6 Optical Communications 38 Problems 42 References 44 3 Protective Device Characteristics 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Fuse Characteristics 48 3.3 Relay Characteristics 61 3.
4 Power Circuit Breakers 87 3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 93 3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 98 3.7 Circuit Switchers 100 3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 101 Problems 103 References 103 4 Relay Logic 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 110 4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 111 4.
4 Analog Relay Logic 125 4.5 Digital Relay Logic 128 4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 139 4.7 Relays as Comparators 140 Problems 153 References 157 5 System Characteristics 163 5.1 Power System Faults 163 5.2 Station Arrangements 176 5.3 Overhead Line Impedances 182 5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 184 5.
5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 188 5.6 The Compensation Theorem 202 5.7 Compensation Applications in Fault Studies 205 Problems 210 References 214 Part II Protection Concepts 215 6 Fault Protection of Radial Lines 217 6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 217 6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 219 6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 222 6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 233 6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 236 6.
6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 241 6.7 Coordinating Protective Devices Measuring Different Parameters 258 Problems 269 References 276 7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 277 7.1 Introduction 277 7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 278 7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 285 7.4 Unit Protection 299 7.5 Ground Fault Protection 301 7.6 Summary 310 Problems 311 References 315 8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 317 8.
1 The Inverse Z Transformation 317 8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 320 8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 327 8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 328 8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 330 8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1, 0) 333 8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 335 8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1, 0) 336 8.
9 Inversion of an Arbitrary Circle 338 8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 340 8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 341 8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 342 8.13 Impedance at the Relay 346 Problems 348 References 350 9 Impedance at the Relay 351 9.1 The Relay Apparent Impedance, ZR 351 9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 353 9.3 The Circle Loci Z = P /(1± YK ) 356 9.
4 ZR Loci Construction 357 9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 363 9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 371 9.7 Construction of M Circles 375 9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 378 Problems 384 References 388 10 Admittance at the Relay 391 10.1 Admittance Diagrams 391 10.2 Input Admittance Loci 392 10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristic 395 10.
4 Parallel Transmission Lines 400 10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 404 10.6 Summary of Admittance Characteristics 407 Problems 408 Reference 411 Part III Transmission Protection 413 11 Analysis of Distance Protection 415 11.1 Introduction 415 11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 415 11.3 Impedance at the Relay 429 11.4 Distance Relay Settings 439 11.5 Ground Distance Protection 447 11.
6 Distance Relay Coordination 449 Problems 452 References 454 12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 457 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Line Impedances 458 12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 469 12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 476 12.5 Long Transmission Lines 484 12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 493 12.7 Solution of the Long-line Case 501 Problems 504 References 507 13 Pilot Protection Systems 509 13.
1 Introduction 510 13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 512 13.3 Non-unit Pilot Protection Schemes 523 13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 536 13.5 An Example of EHV Line Protection 548 13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 554 13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 561 13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 567 Problems 567 References 569 14 Complex Transmission Protection 573 14.
1 Introduction 573 14.2 Single-phase Switching of Extra-high-voltage Lines 573 14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 581 14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 590 Problems 613 References 617 15 Series Compensated Line Protection 619 15.1 Introduction 619 15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 621 15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 634 15.4 Relay Problems Due to Compensation 653 15.
5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 674 15.6 Line Protection Experience 678 Problems 680 References 683 Part IV Apparatus Protection 685 16 Bus Protection 687 16.1 Introduction 687 16.2 Bus Configurations and Faults 688 16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 689 16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 691 16.5 Bus Differential Protection 692 16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 708 16.
7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 716 16.8 Summary 717 Problems 717 References 719 17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 721 17.1 Introduction 721 17.2 Transformer Faults 722 17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 729 17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 732 17.5 Protection Against Active Faults 735 17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 748 17.
7 Regulating Transformer Protection 750 17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 752 17.9 Static Var Compensator Protection 755 Problems 759 References 761 18 Generator Protection 763 18.1 Introduction 763 18.2 Generator System Configurations and Types of Protection 764 18.3 Stator Protection 766 18.4 Rotor Protection 781 18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 785 18.
6 Other Generator Protection Systems 789 18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 794 Problems 800 References 803 19 Motor Protection 805 19.1 Introduction 805 19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 806 19.3 Induction Motor Heating 824 19.4 Motor Problems 837 19.5 Classifications of Motors 843 19.6 Stator Protection 845 19.
7 Rotor Protection 851 19.8 Other Motor Protections 852 19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 853 Problems 854 References 858 Part V System Aspects of Protection 861 20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 863 20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 863 20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 864 20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 866 20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 869 20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 886 20.
6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 887 20.7 Underfrequency Protection 889 Problems 903 References 905 21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 909 21.1 Introduction 909 21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 909 21.3 System Transient Behavior 918 21.4 Automatic Reclosing 929 21.5 Loss of Synchronism Protection 949 21.6 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse 957 21.
7 System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) 960 21.8 Summary 968 Problems 968 References 970 22 Line Commutated Converter HVDC Protection 973 22.1 Introduction 973 22.2 LCC Dc Conversion Fundamentals 974 22.3 Converter Station Design 992 22.4 Ac Side Protection 999 22.5 Dc Side Protection Overview 1002 22.6 Special HVDC Protections 1012 22.
7 HVDC Protection Settings 1015 22.8 Summary 1016 Problems 1016 References 1018 23 Voltage Source Converter HVDC Protection 1021 23.1 Introduction 1021 23.2 VSC HVDC Fundamentals 1022 23.3 Converter Control Systems 1028 23.4 HVDC Response to Ac System Faults 1030 23.5 Ac System Protection 1031 23.6 Dc Faults 1035 23.
7 Multiterminal Systems 1037 23.8 Hybrid LCC-VSC Systems 1037 23.