Preface Acknowledgements List of Figures and Examples Abbreviations Notations Transcription 1 The Code-Copying Model 1 Introduction 2 Basic Code and Model Code 3 Take-over and Carry-over Copying 4 Code Switching and Code Mixing 5 Global and Selective Copying 6 The Contact Globe 7 The Order of Influence 8 Copying Is a Creative Act 9 Attractiveness 10 Contact Processes 11 Extremely High Levels of Copying 12 Historical Stratification 13 Distinguishing Carry-over and Take-over Copying 14 Example of Carry-over Copying: Linguistic Convergence in the Volga Area2 Global Copies 3 Selective Copies 1 Selective Copying of Material/Phonological Features 2 Selective Copying of Semantic Features 3 Selective Copying of Combinational Features 4 Semantic-Combinational Copies 5 Selective Copying of Frequential Patterns 6 Mixed Copies 7 Distributional Classes 8 Degree of Complexity 9 Accommodation of Copies4 Code-Copying and Grammaticalization 1 Isomorphism 2 Combined Scheme 3 Aikhenvald's 'Grammatical Accommodation' as a Case of Selective Copying 4 Diachronic Processes Are Not Copiable 5 Lexical and Grammatical Targets of Copying 6 Awareness of Sources 7 Use after Copying 8 'Inherited Grammaticalization' 9 Conceivable Carry-over-Copying of Evidentials5 Remodeling Languages 1 Code-Internal Development 2 Remodeling the Basic-Code Frame 3 Convergence and Divergence 4 Converging through Selective Copying 5 Momentary, Habitualized, and Conventionalized Copies6 Turkic Family-External Contacts 7 Code-Copying in Some Large Languages of the World 1 English 2 Chinese 3 Arabic 4 Russian8 Stability 9 High-Copying Codes 1 Examples of High-Copying Languages 2 Attitudes towards High-Copying Varieties10 Cognates and Copies 1 Distinctions between Cognates and Copies 2 Motivations for Copying Bound Morphemes 3 Cognates and Copies in Altaic Verb Derivation 4 Copies 5 Evidence 6 Arguments from Silence 7 Copies and Copiability 8 Superstable Morphology? 9 Typological Arguments11 Types of Copying in Written Languages 1 Types 1 and 2: Take-over and Carry-over Copying 2 Subtypes of Type 1 Take-over Copying 3 Type 2: Carry-over Copying 4 Type 3: Alternate Use of the Codes 5 A Lower-Ranking Code Explicates Texts in Higher-Ranking Code 6 Type 5: Higher Ranking Code as Graphic Representation of the Lower Ranking Code 7 Examples of Type 1 Take-over Copying 8 Examples of Type 2: Carry-over Copying 9 Examples of Type 3: Alternate Use of the Codes 10 Examples of Type 4: Lower-Ranking Code Explicates Higher-Ranking Code 11 Examples of Type 5: Higher-Ranking Code Represents Lower-Ranking Code 12 A Passive-Active Scale References Index.