1. Introduction 2. Do Vitamin C and Other Antioxidants Benefit Health? 3. Can Police Dogs Identify Criminal Suspects by Smell? Using Experiments to Test Hypotheses about Animal Behavior 4. Why Are Frogs in Trouble? Complementary Observations and Experiments to Test Hypotheses in Ecology 5. How do Animals Find Stored Food? Strong Inference by Testing Alternative Hypotheses 6. What Causes Cancer? The Complexities of Causation 7. Why Do We Age? Different Levels of Causation as Complementary Explanations 8.

How Does Coffee Affect Health? Combining Results of Multiple Studies 9. How Will Climate Change Affect the Spread of Human Diseases? Models and the Perils of Prediction 10. Conclusion: How Science Works and Its Role in Society Appendix 1. Using Data for Twins to Estimate Genetic and Environmental Contributions to the Risk of Cancer Appendix 2. Precision and the Power of Statistical Tests Notes References Index.