Preface to the Third Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the First Edition xix Acknowledgements xxi Part I Background and Basic Considerations 1 1 History and Organization of Codes 4 1.1 Use of Process Vessels and Equipment 4 1.2 History of Pressure Vessel Codes in the United States 4 1.3 Organization of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 6 1.4 Organization of the ANSI B31 Code for Pressure Piping 6 1.5 Some Other Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards in the United States 6 1.6 Worldwide Pressure Vessel Codes 7 References 7 Further Reading 7 2 Selection of Vessel, Specifications, Reports, and Allowable Stresses 10 2.1 Selection of Vessel 10 2.

2 Which Pressure Vessel Code is Used 10 2.3 Design Specifications and Purchase Orders 10 2.4 Special Design Requirements 11 2.5 Design Reports and Calculations 11 2.6 Materials Specifications 11 2.7 Design Data for New Materials 11 2.8 Factors of Safety 12 2.9 Allowable Tensile Stresses in the ASME Code 12 2.

10 Allowable External Pressure Stress and Axial Compressive Stress in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code 13 2.11 Allowable Stresses in the ASME Code for Pressure Piping 14 2.12 Allowable Stress in Other Codes of theWorld 14 2.12.1 European Union (EN) Countries 14 2.12.2 Japanese Code 15 2.12.

3 People''s Republic of China 15 2.12.4 Indian Code 15 2.12.5 Australian Code 16 References 16 3 Strength Theories, Design Criteria, and Design Equations 18 3.1 Strength Theories 18 3.2 Design Criteria 18 3.3 Design Equations 19 3.

4 Stress-Strain Relationships 19 3.5 Strain-Deflection Equations 20 3.6 Force-Stress Expressions 22 References 23 Further Reading 23 4 Materials of Construction 26 4.1 Material Selection 26 4.1.1 Corrosion 26 4.1.2 Strength 26 4.

1.2.1 Specified Minimum Yield Stress 27 4.1.2.2 Specified Minimum Tensile Stress 28 4.1.2.

3 Creep Rate 28 4.1.2.4 Rupture Strength 28 4.1.3 Material Cost 30 4.2 Nonferrous Alloys 31 4.2.

1 Aluminum Alloys 31 4.2.1.1 Annealing 31 4.2.1.2 Normalizing 31 4.2.

1.3 Solution Heat Treating 31 4.2.1.4 Stabilizing 31 4.2.1.5 Strain Hardening 31 4.

2.1.6 Thermal Treating 32 4.2.2 Copper and Copper Alloys 32 4.2.3 Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys 32 4.2.

4 Titanium and Zirconium Alloys 33 4.3 Ferrous Alloys 34 4.3.1 Carbon Steels 34 4.3.2 Low-Alloy Steels 34 4.3.3 High-Alloy Steels 34 4.

3.3.1 Martensitic Stainless Steels 34 4.3.3.2 Ferritic Stainless Steels 34 4.3.3.

3 Austenitic Stainless Steels 34 4.4 Heat Treating of Steels 35 4.4.1 Normalizing 35 4.4.2 Annealing 35 4.4.3 Postweld Heat Treating 35 4.

4.4 Quenching 35 4.4.5 Tempering 35 4.5 Brittle Fracture 35 4.5.1 Charpy V-Notch Test (Cv) 36 4.5.

2 Drop-Weight Test (DWT) 37 4.5.3 Fracture Analysis Diagram (FAD) 37 4.5.4 Theory of Fracture Mechanics 39 4.5.5 Relationship Between KIC and CV 41 4.5.

6 Hydrostatic Testing 42 4.5.7 Factors Influencing Brittle Fracture 42 4.5.8 ASME Pressure Vessel Criteria 43 4.6 Hydrogen Embrittlement 50 4.7 Nonmetallic Vessels 50 References 50 Further Reading 51 Part II Analysis of Components 53 5 Stress in Cylindrical Shells 56 5.1 Stress Due to Internal Pressure 56 5.

2 Discontinuity Analysis 60 5.2.1 Long Cylinders 61 5.2.2 Short Cylinders 66 5.3 Buckling of Cylindrical Shells 69 5.3.1 Uniform Pressure Applied to Sides Only 70 5.

3.2 Uniform Pressure Applied to Sides and Ends 71 5.3.3 Pressure on Ends Only 72 5.4 Thermal Stress 72 5.4.1 Uniform Change in Temperature 75 5.4.

2 Gradient in Axial Direction 76 5.4.3 Gradient in Radial Direction 77 Nomenclature 80 References 81 Further Reading 81 6 Analysis of Formed Heads and Transition Sections 84 6.1 Hemispherical Heads 84 6.1.1 Various Loading Conditions 86 6.1.2 Discontinuity Analysis 88 6.

1.3 Thermal Stress 91 6.1.4 Buckling Strength 91 6.2 Ellipsoidal Heads 93 6.3 Torispherical Heads 95 6.4 Conical Heads 95 6.4.

1 Unbalanced Forces at Cone-to-Cylinder Junction 96 6.4.2 Discontinuity Analysis 97 6.4.3 Cones Under External Pressure 98 6.5 Nomenclature 99 References 100 Further Reading 100 7 Stress in Flat Plates 102 7.1 Introduction 102 7.2 Circular Plates 102 7.

3 Rectangular Plates 106 7.4 Circular Plates on Elastic Foundations 107 Nomenclature 109 Reference 109 Further Reading 109 Part III Design of Components 111 8 Design of Cylindrical Shells 114 8.1 ASME Design Equations 114 8.2 Evaluation of Discontinuity Stresses 115 8.3 ASME Procedure[2] for External Pressure Design in VIII-1 121 8.4 Design of Stiffening Rings 126 8.5 Allowable Gaps in Stiffening Rings 129 8.6 Out-of-Roundness of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure 129 8.

7 Design for Axial Compression 132 Nomenclature 132 References 133 Further Reading 133 9 Design of Formed Heads and Transition Sections 136 9.1 Introduction 136 9.1.1 Flanged Heads 136 9.1.2 Hemispherical Heads 136 9.1.3 Elliptical and Torispherical (Flanged and Dished) Heads 136 9.

1.4 Conical and Toriconical Heads 136 9.1.5 Miscellaneous Heads 136 9.2 ASME Design Equations for Hemispherical Heads 137 9.3 ASME Design Equations for Ellipsoidal, Flanged, and Dished Heads 139 9.4 ASME Design Equations for Conical Heads 143 9.4.

1 Internal Pressure 143 9.4.1.1 Discontinuity Analysis for Internal Pressure 143 9.4.2 External Pressure 145 9.4.2.

1 Discontinuity Analysis for External Pressure 145 Nomenclature 147 References 148 Further Reading 148 10 Blind Flanges, Cover Plates, and Flanges 150 10.1 Introduction 150 10.2 Circular Flat Plates and Heads with Uniform Loading 151 10.3 ASME Code Formula for Circular Flat Heads and Covers 153 10.4 Comparison ofTheory and ASME Code Formula for Circular Flat Heads and CoversWithout Bolting 154 10.5 Bolted Flanged Connections 154 10.6 Contact Facings 155 10.7 Gaskets 155 10.

7.1 Rubber O-Rings 155 10.7.2 Metallic O- and C-Rings 155 10.7.3 Compressed Fiber Gaskets 158 10.7.4 Flat Metal Gaskets 158 10.

7.5 Spiral-Wound Gaskets 158 10.7.6 Jacketed Gaskets 158 10.7.7 Metal Ring Gaskets 158 10.7.8 High-Pressure Gaskets 158 10.

7.9 Lens Ring Gaskets 159 10.7.10 Delta Gaskets 159 10.7.11 Double-Cone Gaskets 159 10.7.12 Gasket Design 160 10.

8 Bolting Design 161 10.9 Blind Flanges 163 10.10 Bolted Flanged Connections with Ring-Type Gaskets 164 10.11 Reverse Flanges 170 10.12 Full-Face Gasket Flange 171 10.13 Flange Calculation Sheets 176 10.14 Flat-Face Flange with Metal-to-Metal Contact Outside of the Bolt Circle 177 10.14.

1 Classification of Assembly 177 10.14.2 Categories of Flanges 177 10.15 Spherically Dished Covers 177 Nomenclature 184 References 184 Further Reading 185 11 Openings, Nozzles, and External Loadings 188 11.1 General 188 11.2 Stresses and Loadings at Openings 188 11.3 Theory of Reinforced Openings 192 11.4 Reinforcement Limits 193 11.

4.1 Reinforcement Rules for ASME Section I 195 11.4.1.1 No Reinforcement Required 195 11.4.1.2 Size and Shape of Openings 195 11.

4.2 Reinforcement Rules for ASME Section VIII, Division 1 198 11.4.3 Reinforcement Rules for ASME, Section VIII, Division 2 204 11.4.3.1 Nomenclature 204 11.4.

4 Reinforcement Rules for ANSI/ASME B31.1 210 11.4.4.1 No Reinforcement Calculations Required 210 11.4.5 Reinforcement Rules for ANSI/ASME B31.3 212 11.

4.5.1 Nomenclature 213 11.5 Ligament Efficiency of Openings in Shells 215 11.6 Fatigue Evaluation of Nozzles Under Internal Pressure 217 11.7 External Loadings 218 11.7.1 Local Stresses in the Shell or Head 218 11.

7.2 Stresses in the Nozzle 226 11.7.2.1 Nomenclature 227 References 230 Bibliography 231 12 Vessel Supports 234 12.1 Introduction 234 12.2 Skirt and Base-Ring Design 234 12.2.

1 Anchor-Chair Design 239 12.3 Design of Support Legs 241 12.4 Lug-Supported Vessels 242 12.5 Ring Girders 243 12.6 Saddle Supports 245 Nomenclature 248 References 249 Further Reading 249 Part IV Theory and Design of Special Equipment 251 13 Flat-Bottom Tanks 254 13.1 Introduction 254 13.2 API 650 Tanks 254 13.2.

1 Roof Design 254 13.2.1.1 Dome Roofs 254 13.2.1.2 Conical Roofs 256 13.2.

1.3 Small Internal Pressure 256 13.2.2 Shell Design 258 13.2.3 Annular Plates 261 13.3 API 620 Tanks 263 13.3.

1 Allowable Stress Criteria 266 13.3.1.1 Compressive Stress in the Axial Direction with No Stress in the Circumferential Direction 266 13.3.1.2 Compressive Stress with Equal Magnitude in the Meridional and Circumferential Directions 266