Foreword 11 Abbreviations and symbols for quantities, units and notation 12 1 Visual effects of lighting 14 1. 1 Introduction 14 1. 2 Light 14 1. 2. 1 Lighting levels 14 1. 2. 2 Task performance 14 1. 2.
3 Appearance 15 1. 3 Flux, intensity, illuminance, luminance and brightness 15 1. 4 Glare 16 1. 5 Positive and negative contrast 16 1. 6 Absorption and reflection 16 1. 7 Radiation 18 1. 8 Apparent colour 19 1. 9 Colour rendering 20 1.
10 Daytime appearance 20 1. 11 The outdoor environment 20 2 Social and environmental elements 22 2. 1 Introduction 22 2. 2 Crime and disorder 23 2. 2. 1 Introduction 23 2. 2. 2 The effects of street lighting on crime and disorder 23 Improved street lighting and crime prevention: Are there alternatives? 25 The role of lighting in the development of crime control strategies 26 2.
3 Light pollution 28 2. 3. 1 Adverse effects of outdoor lighting 28 2. 3. 2 Influence of surrounding environment 29 2. 3. 3 Relevant lighting parameters 30 2. 3.
3. 1 Effects on the natural environment 30 2. 3. 3. 2 Effects on residents 30 2. 3. 3. 3 Effects on sightseers 30 2.
3. 4 Recommended limits for lighting parameters 31 2. 3. 5 Design guidelines 31 2. 3. 6 Methods of mitigation 32 Illustrations of luminaire accessories for limiting obtrusive light 33 2. 4 Strategic urban lighting plans 34 2. 4.
1 Introduction 34 2. 4. 2 Origins of the urban lighting plan 34 2. 4. 3 Lighting strategy methodology 34 2. 4. 4 The aims of a strategic urban lighting plan. 36 2.
4. 5 The main factors in the success of lighting strategies 36 2. 4. 5. 1 General 36 2. 4. 5. 2 Who does them? 37 2.
4. 5. 3 Who commissions them? 37 The nature of the local authority and its responsibility for lighting 38 2. 4. 5. 5 The geographical scope of the strategy 38 2. 4. 5.
6 Vision versus practicality 39 2. 4. 6 The effectiveness of lighting strategies 40 2. 4. 7 Conclusions 40 2. 5 Health and Safety 42 2. 5. 1 Introduction 42 2.
5. 2 The Body of Law 42 2. 5. 3 Duty of Care 43 2. 5. 4 Qualified and Absolute Duties 43 2. 5. 5 Health and Safety Hierarchy 43 2.
5. 6 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 44 2. 5. 7 The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 44 2. 5. 8 The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 46 2. 5.
9 The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 46 2. 5. 10 The Construction, Design and Management Regulations 47 2. 5. 11 The Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 48 2. 5. 12 The Electricity at Work Regulations 49 Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity (ESQC) Regulations 50 2. 5.
14 Lighting and Health and Safety Legislation 50 BS7671 - Requirements for Electrical Installations (The IEE Wiring Regulations) 51 2. 5. 16 The ILE Code of Practice for Electrical Safety etc. 51 2. 5. 17 National (Scottish) Vocational Qualification NVQ/SVQ 51 2. 5. 18 Waste management 52 2.
6 Waste management 53 2. 6. 1 Introduction 53 2. 6. 1. 1 General 53 2. 6. 1.
2 Waste hierarchy 54 2. 6. 1. 3 Best practical environmental option (B. P. E. O. ) 54 2.
6. 2 Legislation 55 2. 6. 2. 1 General 55 2. 6. 2. 2 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 55 The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (C.
O. S. H. H. ) 55 2. 6. 2. 4 Controlled Waste Regulations 55 2.
6. 2. 5 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive (W. E. E. E. ) 55 2. 6.
2. 6 Special Waste Regulations Act 56 2. 6. 2. 7 Waste Management Licensing Regulations 56 2. 6. 2. 8 Environmental Protection Act 56 2.
6. 2. 9 The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 57 2. 6. 2. 10 European Landfill Directive 57 2. 6. 2.
11 Environmental Protection Regulations 57 2. 6. 3 Re.