Preface xix 1 Computer Forensics and Personal Digital Assistants 1 Muhammad Qadeer, Chaudhery Ghazanfer Hussain and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Computer and Digital Forensics 2 1.2 Digital Forensics Classification 3 1.3 Digital Evidence 8 1.4 Information Used in Investigation to Find Digital Evidence 8 1.5 Short History of Digital/Computer Forensics 10 1.
6 The World of Crimes 12 1.6.1 Cybercrimes vs. Traditional Crimes 12 1.7 Computer Forensics Investigation Steps 15 1.8 Report Generation of Forensic Findings Through Software Tools 17 1.9 Importance of Forensics Report 18 1.10 Guidelines for Report Writing 18 1.
11 Objectives of Computer Forensics 19 1.12 Challenges Faced by Computer Forensics 20 References 20 2 Network and Data Analysis Tools for Forensic Science 23 Shrutika Singla, Shruthi Subhash and Amarnath Mishra 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Necessity for Data Analysis 25 2.2.1 Operational Troubleshooting 25 2.2.2 Log Monitoring 25 2.
2.3 Data Recovery 25 2.2.4 Data Acquisition 25 2.3 Data Analysis Process 26 2.3.1 Acquisition 26 2.3.
2 Examination 26 2.3.3 Utilization 26 2.3.4 Review 26 2.4 Network Security and Forensics 26 2.5 Digital Forensic Investigation Process 27 2.5.
1 Data Identification 28 2.5.2 Project Planning 28 2.5.3 Data Capture 29 2.5.4 Data Processing 29 2.5.
5 Data Analysis 29 2.5.6 Report Generation 29 2.6 Tools for Network and Data Analysis 29 2.6.1 EnCase Forensic Imager Tool 30 2.6.2 Cellebrite UFED 31 2.
6.3 FTK Imager Tool 31 2.6.4 Paladin Forensic Suite 32 2.6.5 Digital Forensic Framework (DFF) 32 2.6.6 Forensic Imager Tx 1 32 2.
6.7 Tableau TD2U Forensic Duplicator 32 2.6.8 Oxygen Forensics Detective 33 2.6.9 SANS Investigative Forensic Toolkit (SIFT) 33 2.6.10 Win Hex 33 2.
6.11 Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor (COFEE) 34 2.6.12 WindowsSCOPE Toolkit 34 2.6.13 ProDiscover Forensics 34 2.6.14 Sleuth Kit 35 2.
6.15 Caine 35 2.6.16 Magnet RAM Capture 35 2.6.17 X-Ways Forensics 36 2.6.18 WireShark Tool 36 2.
6.19 Xplico 36 2.6.20 e-Fensee 36 2.7 Evolution of Network Data Analysis Tools Over the Years 37 2.8 Conclusion 37 References 38 3 Cloud and Social Media Forensics 41 Nilay Mistry and Sureel Vora 3.1 Introduction 42 3.2 Background Study 42 3.
2.1 Social Networking Trend Among Users 42 3.2.2 Pros and Cons of Social Networking and Chat Apps 43 3.2.3 Privacy Issues in Social Networking and Chat Apps 44 3.2.4 Usefulness of Personal Information for Law Enforcements 45 3.
2.5 Cloud Computing and Social Media Applications 45 3.2.5.1 SaaS Model 45 3.2.5.2 PaaS Model 46 3.
2.5.3 IaaS Model 46 3.3 Technical Study 46 3.3.1 User-Agent and Its Working 46 3.3.2 Automated Agents and Their User-Agent String 47 3.
3.3 User Agent Spoofing and Sniffing 47 3.3.4 Link Forwarding and Rich Preview 47 3.3.5 WebView and its User Agent 48 3.3.6 HTTP Referrer and Referring Page 48 3.
3.7 Application ID 48 3.4 Methodology 49 3.4.1 Testing Environment 49 3.4.2 Research and Analysis 49 3.4.
2.1 Activities Performed 51 3.4.2.2 Information Gathered 52 3.4.2.3 Analysis of Gathered Information 53 3.
4.3 Activity Performed - Opening the Forwarded Link 59 3.5 Protection Against Leakage 60 3.6 Conclusion 60 3.7 Future Work 61 References 61 4 Vehicle Forensics 65 Disha Bhatnagar and Piyush K. Rao 4.1 Introduction 65 4.1.
1 Motives Behind Vehicular Theft 67 4.1.1.1 Insurance Fraud 67 4.1.1.2 Resale and Export 67 4.1.
1.3 Temporary Transportation 68 4.1.1.4 Commitment of Another Crime 68 4.2 Intervehicle Communication and Vehicle Internal Networks 68 4.3 Classification of Vehicular Forensics 70 4.3.
1 Automative Vehicle Forensics 71 4.3.1.1 Live Forensics 71 4.3.1.2 Post-Mortem Forensics 71 4.3.
1.3 Physical Tools for Forensic Investigation 73 4.3.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Forensics (UAV)/Drone Forensics 74 4.3.2.1 Methodology 74 4.3.
2.2 Steps Involved in Drone Forensics 75 4.3.2.3 Challenges in UAV Forensics 76 4.4 Vehicle Identification Number 76 4.4.1 Placement in a Vehicle and Usage of a VIN 77 4.
4.2 Vehicle Identification 78 4.4.2.1 Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Certification Label 79 4.4.2.2 Anti-Theft Label 79 4.
4.2.3 Stamping on Vehicle Parts 79 4.4.2.4 Secondary and Confidential VIN 79 4.5 Serial Number Restoration 79 4.5.
1 Restoration Methods 80 4.5.1.1 Chemical Etching 80 4.5.1.2 Electrolytic Etching 81 4.5.
1.3 Heat Treatment 81 4.5.1.4 Magnetic Particle Method 81 4.5.1.5 Electron Channeling Contrast 81 4.
6 Conclusion 81 References 82 5 Facial Recognition and Reconstruction 85 Payal V. Bhatt, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Facial Recognition 86 5.3 Facial Reconstruction 87 5.4 Techniques for Facial Recognition 88 5.4.
1 Image-Based Facial Recognition 89 5.4.1.1 Appearance-Based Method 89 5.4.1.2 Model-Based Method 90 5.4.
1.3 Texture-Based Method 90 5.4.2 Video-Based Facial Recognition 91 5.4.2.1 Sequence-Based Method 91 5.4.
2.2 Set-Based Method 92 5.5 Techniques for Facial Reconstruction 92 5.5.1 Manual Method 93 5.5.2 Graphical Method 94 5.5.
3 Computerized Method 94 5.6 Challenges in Forensic Face Recognition 95 5.6.1 Facial Aging 96 5.6.2 Face Marks 97 5.6.3 Forensic Sketch Recognition 97 5.
6.4 Face Recognition in Video 98 5.6.5 Near Infrared (NIR) Face Recognition 99 5.7 Soft Biometrics 99 5.8 Application Areas of Facial Recognition 100 5.9 Application of Facial Reconstruction 101 5.10 Conclusion 102 References 102 6 Automated Fingerprint Identification System 107 Piyush K.
Rao, Shreya Singh, Aayush Dey, Deepak Rawtani and Garvita Parikh Abbreviations 108 6.1 Introduction 108 6.2 Ten-Digit Fingerprint Classification 110 6.3 Henry Faulds Classification System 110 6.4 Manual Method for the Identification of Latent Fingerprint 111 6.5 Need for Automation 112 6.6 Automated Fingerprint Identification System 112 6.7 History of Automatic Fingerprint Identification System 113 6.
8 Automated Method of Analysis 113 6.9 Segmentation 114 6.10 Enhancement and Quality Assessment 115 6.11 Feature Extraction 117 6.12 Latent Fingerprint Matching 118 6.13 Latent Fingerprint Database 120 6.14 Conclusion 120 References 121 7 Forensic Sampling and Sample Preparation 125 Disha Bhatnagar, Piyush K. Rao and Deepak Rawtani 7.
1 Introduction 126 7.2 Advancement in Technologies Used in Forensic Science 126 7.3 Evidences 127 7.3.1 Classification of Evidences 127 7.3.1.1 Direct Evidence 127 7.
2.1.2 Circumstantial Evidence 127 7.4 Collection of Evidences 129 7.4.1 Sampling Methods 130 7.5 Sample Preparation Techniques for Analytical Instruments 133 7.5.
1 Conventional Methods of Sample Preparation 134 7.5.2 Solvent Extraction 134 7.5.2.1 Distillation 135 7.5.2.
2 Acid Digestion 135 7.5.2.3 Solid Phase Extraction 136 7.5.2.4 Soxhlet Extraction 137 7.5.
3 Modern Methods of Sample Preparation 138 7.5.3.1 Accelerated Solvent Extraction 138 7.5.3.2 Microwave Digestion 138 7.5.
3.3 Ultrasonication-Assisted Extraction 139 7.5.3.4 Microextraction 139 7.5.3.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 142 7.
5.3.6 QuEChERS 143 7.5.3.7 Membrane Extraction 143 7.6 Conclusion 144 7.7 Future Perspective 144 References 145 8 Spectroscopic Analysis Techniques in Forensic Science 149 Payal V.
Bhatt and Deepak Rawtani 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Spectroscopy 150 8.2.1 Spectroscopy and its Applications 153 8.3 Spectroscopy and Forensics 155 8.4 Spectroscopic Techniques and their Forensic Applications 156 8.4.
1 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 156 8.4.1.1 Application of X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Forensics 157 8.4.2 UV/Visible Spectroscopy 159 8.4.2.
1 Application of UV/Vis Spectroscopy in Forensics 160 8.4.3 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy 162 8.4.3.1 Application of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in Forensics 163 8.4.4 Infrared Spectroscopy 165 8.
4.4.1 Application of Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensics 166 8.4.5 Raman Spectroscopy 167 8.4.5.1 Application of Raman Spectroscopy in Forensics 168 8.
4.6 Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy 171 8.4.6.1 Application of Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy in Forensics 172 8.4.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 173 8.4.
7.1 Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Forensics 174 8.4.8 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 176 8.4.8.1 Application of Atomic Emission Spectroscopy in Forensics 177 8.4.
9 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy 178 8.4.9.1 Application of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Forensics 179 8.4.10 Fluoresc.