Preface xv 1 Nanomaterials and the Environment 1 Shivani Rastogi, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Overview of Nanomaterials 1 1.1.2 Overview of Environmental Health 4 1.1.2.
1 Use of NMs in Environmental Health (Nanoremediation) 4 1.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Environment 6 1.2.1 Nanomaterials for Detection of Environmental Contaminants 6 1.2.2 Nanomaterials for Air Purification 9 1.2.3 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 10 1.
2.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 11 1.2.5 Nanomaterials for Degradation of Land Waste 12 1.3 Limitations of Environmental Nanomaterials 13 1.3.1 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 13 1.3.
2 Toxic Effect on Environmental Health 14 1.3.3 Effect of Toxicity on Human Health 15 1.4 Future Scope of Environmental Nanomaterials 17 1.4.1 In Wastewater and Land Waste Treatment 17 1.4.2 In Biomedicine and Air Purification 17 1.
4.3 In Electronics and IT Applications 18 1.5 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 Highly Efficient Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Application 25 A.E. Burakov, I.V. Burakova, E.V.
Galunin, E.S. Mkrtchyan and A.V. Melezhik 2.1 Features of the Organic Pollutants Adsorption 25 2.1.1 Introduction 25 2.
1.2 Types of Organic Pollutants 26 2.1.3 Methods for Removing Organic Pollutants 27 2.1.4 Materials to Extract Organic Pollutants 28 2.2 Adsorption Materials - Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 37 2.2.
1 Synthesis of the Sorption Materials 37 2.2.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Sorption Materials 38 2.3 Determining the Adsorption Activity 41 2.3.1 Kinetic Studies under Static Conditions 41 2.3.2 Kinetic Studies under Dynamic Conditions 41 2.
3.3 Mathematical Processing of Experimental Data 42 2.4 Conclusion 44 Acknowledgment 44 References 44 3 A Concise Account of the Studies Conducted on the Transport, Fate, Transformation and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials 51 Sauvik Raha and Md. Ahmaruzzam 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Transport of Engineered Nanomaterials 52 3.2.1 Transport in Air 52 3.
2.2 Transport in Water 53 3.2.3 Transport in Terrestrial Compartment 54 3.3 Fate and Transformation of Engineered Nanomaterials 55 3.3.1 Fate and Transformation in Air 55 3.3.
2 Fate and Transformation in Terrestrial and Aquatic Compartments 56 3.4 Toxicity 57 3.4.1 Toxicity in Aquatic Biomes 57 3.4.2 Toxicity in Terrestrial Biomes 58 3.5 Existing Challenges 58 3.6 Conclusion 59 References 59 4 Nanotechnologies and Advanced Smart Materials: The Case of Architecture and Civil Engineering 67 Paolo Di Sia 4.
1 Introduction 67 4.2 Management of Complexity 69 4.3 Advanced Materials: Definitions, Characteristics, Properties 71 4.4 Classification Criteria: High Performance and Smart Materials 73 4.5 Innovations in the Nanotechnology Field for Building Materials 76 4.6 Applications of Nanostructured Materials in Architecture 79 4.7 Nanostructured Cementitious Materials: High Performance and Ecoefficiency 81 4.8 Conclusions 84 References 85 5 Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing 89 Asmaa Nady Mohammed 5.
1 Introduction 89 5.2 Manufacturing of Nanomaterials 90 5.3 Nanomaterials and Their Entry into the Environment 91 5.4 How is the Environment Subjected to Nanomaterials? 91 5.5 Implications of Nanomaterials in the Environment 92 5.6 Potential Health Risks and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials 92 5.7 Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Graphene-Based Materials In Vivo 93 5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Particles 93 5.
9 Interaction between Two-Dimension (2D) Nanomaterials and the Environment 93 5.10 Positive Effects of Nanomaterials on the Environment 94 5.11 Negative Effects of Nanomaterials on the Environment 94 5.12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 94 5.13 Four Phases of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 95 5.14 Environmental Nanomaterials (ENMs) Life Cycle 97 5.15 Application of LCA to Nanomaterials 97 5.16 Conclusions 98 References 98 6 Addressing Nanotoxicity: Green Nanotechnology for a Sustainable Future 103 Dipyaman Mohanta and Md.
Ahmaruzzaman 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Nanotoxicity: A Multifaceted Challenge 104 6.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials Influencing Nanotoxicity 105 6.4 Green Nanotechnology: A Proactive Approach to Minimize Nanotoxicity 106 6.4.1 Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials 107 6.4.
2 Surface Coating of Nanomaterials to Minimize Biological Interaction 107 6.4.3 Sulfidation of Metal Nanoparticles 108 6.5 Conclusion 108 Acknowledgment 109 References 109 7 Nanotechnology: Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles and Legalization Challenges 113 Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi, Elaheh Afsaneh and Hedayatolah Ghourchian 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Hazard and Toxicology of Nanoparticles 115 7.2.1 Size 115 7.
2.2 Shape 116 7.2.3 Specific Surface Area 116 7.2.4 Aggregation/Agglomeration 116 7.2.5 Crystallinity 116 7.
2.6 Chemical Composition 117 7.2.7 Surface Charge and Modification 117 7.3 Nanoparticle Absorption 117 7.3.1 Dermal Absorption 117 7.3.
2 Pulmonary Absorption 118 7.3.3 Eye Absorption 119 7.4 Instruments and Methods for Detection of Nanoparticles 119 7.4.1 Direct Methods 120 7.4.1.
1 Optical Particle Sizer (OPS) 120 7.4.1.2 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) 120 7.4.1.3 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) 120 7.4.
1.4 Size-Selective Static Sampler 120 7.4.1.5 Diffusion Charger (DC) 120 7.4.1.6 Electrostatic Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) 121 7.
4.1.7 Electron Microscopy 121 7.4.2 Indirect Methods 121 7.5 Hazard Assessment of Nanoparticles 121 7.6 Risk Assessment and Management of Nanoparticles 122 7.7 Hazard Control 124 7.
8 Federal Regulatory Compliance 128 7.8.1 OSHA 128 7.8.2 EPA 129 7.8.3 REACH 129 7.8.
4 NIOSH 130 7.9 Summary 130 References 130 8 Bringing Awareness to the Darker Side of Nanoparticles 135 Paramita Karfa, Kartick Chandra Majhi and Rashmi Madhuri 8.1 What is Nano-Sized Particle or Nanoparticle? 136 8.1.1 Classification and Wide Applications of Nanoparticles 137 8.1.1.1 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Origin 138 8.
1.1.2 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Dimension 138 8.1.1.3 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Composition 139 8.1.1.
4 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Size/Shape/Morphology 139 8.1.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 140 8.1.3 The Other Side of the Coin: Darker Side of Nanoparticles 141 8.1.3.1 Size of the Nanoparticle 143 8.
1.3.2 Morphology of the Nanoparticle 143 8.1.3.3 Composition of the Nanoparticle 144 8.1.3.
4 Surface Charge of the Nanoparticle 144 8.2 Interaction of Nanoparticle with Living System: Its Effects and Mechanism 144 8.2.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Oxidative Stress 145 8.2.2 Inflammation in the Exposed Body Part 145 8.2.3 Genotoxicity 146 8.
2.4 Probable Mechanism for Toxicity of Nanoparticle 147 8.3 Toxicological Study of Different Nanoparticles 148 8.3.1 Effect of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 148 8.3.2 Effect of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 150 8.3.
3 Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) 153 8.3.4 Effect of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 154 8.4 Future Aspect 157 Acknowledgment 158 References 158 9 Mode of Transfer, Toxicity and Negative Impacts of Engineered Nanoparticles on Environment, Human and Animal Health 165 Duraiarasan Surendhiran, Haiying Cui and Lin Lin 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Different Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) and Their Commercial Uses 166 9.3 Exposure of ENPs to the Environment 167 9.3.
1 Exposure of ENPs to Air 172 9.3.2 Exposure of ENPs to Soil 173 9.3.3 Exposure of ENPs to Water 174 9.4 Hazards and Nanotoxicity of ENPs on Soil Communities 175 9.4.1 Microorganisms 175 9.
4.2 Earthworms 180 9.4.3 Plants 181 9.5 Health Effects on Humans and Animals 187 9.5.1 Dermal 187 9.5.
2 Inhalation 188 9.5.3 Ingestion 190 9.6 Detection of Nanotoxicity and Its Challenges 192 9.7 Conclusion and Future Needs 194 References 194 10 The Impact of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems 205 Nhamo Chaukura, Tatenda C Madzokere, Nyembezi Mgochekim and Thato M Masilompane 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Sources of Nanomaterials 207 10.2.
1 Engineered and Non-Engineered Nanomaterials 207 10.2.2 Carbon- and Metal-Based Nanomaterials -Synthesis and Applications 208 10.3 Transport and Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials 209 10.4 The Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems 210 10.4.1 Toxicity in Plants 211 10.4.
2 Toxicity in Animals 212 10.4.3 Methods for the Evaluation of Nanotoxicity 213 10.4.4 Toxicity Mechanisms 215 10.5 Future Research Directions 216 10.6 Conclusion 217 References 217 11 Nanotechnology in the Dairy Industry: Benefits a.