CONTENTS PREFACE viii 1 THE ROMAN TRIUMPHAL ARCH: ORIGINS 1 2 ARCHES OF THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS 7 3 FROM TIBERIUS TO NERO 29 4 AFTER NERO IN ITALY 36 5 AFTER NERO IN EUROPE OUTSIDE ITALY 71 6 AFTER NERO IN ASIA MINOR 90 7 NORTH AFRICA 107 8 FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE RENAISSANCE 130 9 RENAISSANCE ITALY 137 10 PAPAL ARCHES 169 11 ARCHES FOR CELEBRATIONS IN ITALY 191 12 ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES 202 13 FRANCE IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES 221 14 FRANCE FROM LOUIS XIV TO THE REVOLUTION 229 15 THE LOW COUNTRIES FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 246 16 ARCHES AS FEATURES OF PARKS AND LANDSCAPE GARDENS 262 17 ENGLAND, SCOTLAND AND IRELAND IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 291 18 ARCHES IN BRITAIN AND IRELAND FOR ROYAL OCCASIONS 304 19 NAPOLEONIC ARCHES 316 20 ARCHES IN FRANCE AFTER NAPOLEON I 325 21 LONDON - THE MARBLE AND WELLINGTON ARCHES 329 22 GERMANY AND AUSTRIA FROM THE SIXTEENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 334 23 CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 348 24 RUSSIA AND MOLDOVA 355 25 SCANDINAVIA 363 26 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 368 27 MALTA 374 28 AMERICA, 1758-1939 377 29 MEXICO, SOUTH AMERICA, CUBA 381 30 AUSTRALIA 388 31 INDIA 393 32 THE FAR EAST 396 33 ARCHES AS WAR MEMORIALS 401 34 TWENTIETH- AND TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY ARCHES 425 BIBLIOGRAPHY 440 PICTURE CREDITS 441 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 443 INDEX 444.