Preface ix Introduction 2 Art as Craft 2 Systems of Building 3 Sculptural Techniques and Materials 3 Painting Techniques and Materials 5 Print-making 7 Photography 9 Pictorial Representation 9 Perspective 9 Color 11 Style and Individual Expression 13 Context: Function and Meaning 14 The Power of Images 16 Women Artists 18 The History of Art 20 Part One Foundations of Art Chapter One Before History 24 Timechart 24 The Art of the Hunters 25 Map Prehistoric Europe and the Near East 26 Cave Art 27 Mesolithic Art 33 The Art of Farmers 33 In context atal Huyuk: A Neolithic Town 34 Neolithic Architecture 37 Stonehenge 38 Chapter Two The Early Civilizations 40 Timechart 40 Mesopotamia 41 Sumer 41 Map Ancient West Asia 43 Akkadian Art 45 Ziggurats 46 Sources and Documents Gudeas Dream 47 Babylon 48 The Indus Valley 49 Ancient Egypt 52 Predynastic 52 Map Ancient Egypt 53 Early Dynastic 54 Old Kingdom Architecture 55 Sources and Documents Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts 58 Old Kingdom Sculpture and Painting 59 Middle Kingdom 63 The Aegean 65 Map The Ancient Aegean 65 Minoan Crete 66 Mycenae and the Mainland 71 In Context The Homeric World 74 China 75 Shang Dynasty 75 Map Ancient China 76 Chapter Three Developments Across the Continents 80 The Hittites 80 Timechart 80 The Discovery of Iron 82 Map Anatolia, Syria and Mesopotamia 83 The New Kingdom in Ancient Egypt 83 Sources and Documents Thutmose Instructs his Vizier 85 In Context Hatshepsut: Women in Ancient Egypt 86 New Kingdom Architecture 88 Akhenaten 90 Ramesside Art 93 Assyria and Babylon 95 Narrative Relief 98 Babylon 100 Iran 102 Achaemenid Art 102 Persepolis 104 Zhou China 106 The Americas 109 Map Ancient Mesoamerica 109 The Olmecs 110 Peru 111 Map Ancient Peru 112 In Context Chavin de Huintar: Religion and Society, in Ancient Peru 113 Africa: Nok Culture 115 Chapter Four The Greeks and Their Neighbours 116 Timechart 116 Archaic Greece 117 Map Ancient Greece 118 The Male Nude 121 The Polis 125 The Classical Period 126 The Parthenon 126 Sources and Documents Pausanias on the Parthenon 128 In Context The Delphi Charioteer: Ancient Greek Religion and Athletics 134 Naturalism and Idealization 138 Concepts The Ideal: Idealism, Proportion and the Canon 139 Vase Painting 143 Stelae 145 The Late Classical Period 146 Barbarian Alternatives: Scythians and the Animal Style 149 Urban Development Organic Growth and Urban Planning from Jericho to Athens 150 Hallstatt and La Tane 154 Iberia and Sardinia 156 The Etruscans 157 Sources and Documents Pliny on Etruscan Sculpture 161 Chapter Five Hellenistic and Roman Art 165 Timechart 165 Map Etruscan and Roman Italy 167 The Hellenistic Period 167 Plato, Aristotle and the Arts 169 Allegory 173 Hellenistic Architecture 175 Hellenistic and Roman Painting and Mosaics 178 In Context Roman Luxury: Silver and Cameo Glass 179 Sources and Documents Vitruvius on Roman Painting 183 Roman Architecture 185 Domestic Architecture 186 Temples and Public Works 187 Urban Development The Roman City: From the Republic to the Late Empire 188 The Colosseum and the Invention of Concrete 191 The Pantheon 193 Roman Sculpture 195 Towards a Definition of Roman Art 196 In Context Family Piety: T.