Buy Bye Buying to Save--Cost and Value Concerning Warranties Defining Operation and Time Costs Some Recent MRO Recall Items On the Road to a Profit Return on a Purchase Costs and Value Manufacturing Costs Material Costs Labor Costs Manufacturing Overhead Additional Costs Cost Behavior Patterns Examples of "Wasted" Cost Overruns--The $600 Toilet Seat Cost of Failure Case Studies--An Effective Way Toward Change Other Costs Defined Determining the Return on Investment (ROI) of a Purchase Applying the ROI Formula Summary Tools for the Specification Development Process Source of Failure Assessing the Situation Failure Defined Taking Advantage of Failure Sources of Failure: Man, Materials, Methods, Machines Manmade Failures--Failure of the Employees Manmade Failures--Failure of Managers Method Failures--The Failure of Business Failure of Materials, Failure of Machines Types of Forces Strength Creep (Deformation) Fatigue (Material) Rate of Fatigue Fracture Brittle Fracture Ductile Fracture Wear Temperature Thermal Shock Failure Oxidation--Molecular Transitions and Chemical Influences Corrosion Deposit Formation Factors That Affect Deposit Formation Concentration and Pressure Particle Size and Contaminant Type Summary Tools for the Specification Development Process Failure Mode Work Sheet Key Using the Information Gathered Fact Finding and Documentation Physical Properties and Standards Obtaining Standards from ANSI Adhesives and Sealants Paints and Coatings Coating Failures Gaskets, Seals, and Belts Chains Wire Rope Pipe Failure of the Fitting Joint Failure Hose Valves Fasteners--Screws, Bolts, Nails, Staples Bearings Grease Gears Gear Oil Electrical Wire Lighting Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Failure Modes Electric Motors Summary Tools for the Specification Development Process Case Study Work Sheet Finalizing the Purchasing Specification and Selecting Vendors Writing the Purchasing Specification Specification Further Defined Product Application Requirements Figures and Tables Group Terms General Operational Requirements Functional Requirements Performance Requirements Design Requirements Terms and Conditions Price per Units, Payments, Incentives, and Penalties Contractual Terms and Conditions Requirements of the Reply Evaluation Process Contact Points Evaluation Specification Example The Leon-Maxwell Performance Equation Application Examples Excessive Load Example Excessive or Localized Heat Contamination Green Procurement Conclusion and Summary Appendix Bibliography.