1. Introduction: The Scope and the Criteria I. Background and Principal Objective II. The Techniques III. Description of the Project and Methodology IV. Criteria for Evaluation of Mechanisms V. General Outline of this Book VI. Major Findings 2.

European Policy and Mechanisms for Collective Redress I. Diverse Approaches and Piecemeal Legislation II. The Public-Private Split III. Objectives and Outcomes Replace Mechanisms IV. Consumer Enforcement V. Consumer Collective Redress: Policy Debates VI. Commission's Recommendation on Collective Redress Mechanisms VII. The Political and Technical Conundrum VIII.

Business Concerns on Ineffective Safeguards IX. Consumer Concerns from Business Scandals X. Proposals in 2016/17 XI. Competition Damages XII. Data Protection XIII. Investors XIV. Conclusions 3. Collective Actions I.

Introduction II. Belgium III. Bulgaria IV. England and Wales V. Finland VI. France VII. Germany VIII. Italy IX.

Lithuania X. The Netherlands XI. Poland XII. Sweden 4. Criminal Compensation: Stand-alone and Consecutive Piggy-back I. Belgium II. United Kingdom 5. Regulatory Redress I.

Concept II. The Range of Mechanisms of Regulatory Redress III. Examples of the Powers 6. Ombudsmen I. Typology II. National Ombudsmen Schemes 7. Reassessing the Objectives I. The Primary Objectives II.

Delivering Compensation III. Affecting Future Behaviour IV. Empirical Evidence on the Failure of the US Class Action as a Regulatory Mechanism V. The Objectives Restated: Multi-functionalism 8. Conclusions I. Overview of the Mechanisms II. Applying the Criteria III. Empirical Conclusions on the Mechanisms IV.

Implications of the Findings.