CHAPTER 1: Introduction A Legacy of Crisis and Turmoil Corrections as a System Corrections and Society A Critical View of the System A Keen Eye toward the Future ReferencesCHAPTER 2: Punishment and Social Structure Learning Objectives Discerning Historical Constructs Penance and Fines Social Change in the Later Middle Ages The Discovery of Imprisonment Galley Slavery, Transportation, and the Emergence of Imprisonment The Industrial Revolution and Corrections Solitary Confinement Zebulon Brockway and the Rise of the Adult Reformatory in America Corrections and the Progressive Era (1880-1920) After the Progressive Era (1920-1960) The Era of Civil Rights and Community Corrections (1960-1970) The Prisons Explode (1970-1980) The Demise of Rehabilitation and the Get-Tough Era (1970-Present) Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 3: The Purpose of Punishment and Sentencing Trends How Sentencing Works The Presentence Report Risk and Needs Assessment Sentencing Theories Retributive Justice Deterrence Rehabilitation Incapacitation Theories of Restorative Justice and Reintegrative Shaming Modern Movements in Sentencing Laws and Policies Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 4: Jails The Functions of Jails Who Is in Jail? A Word about Jail Data Facts about Jails Jail Administration Jail Procedures In-Custody Programs Alternatives to Incarceration Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 5: Probation and Alternatives to Incarceration Learning Objectives What is Probation? Who Is on Probation in the US? A Brief History of Probation Two Key Perspectives on Probation Probation Administration The Role of Probation Officers Sentencing and Investigation Supervision Violation, Revocation, and Termination Does Probation Work? Probation Research Alternatives to Incarceration Evaluating Alternatives to Incarceration Cost Savings Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 6: Prisons Learning Objectives The Means to An End Design of Prisons What the Numbers Say Prison Costs The Federal System State Prisons Military Prisons and the War on Terror Classification Systems Security Levels The Supermax Programs and Services The Prison Environment Discipline Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 7: Reentry and Parole Learning Objectives Parole as a Form of Community Corrections The Early History of Parole Parole Basics Parole Authorities The Challenges of Reentry Reentry Data Perspectives on the Current Purpose and Practice of Parole What Works in Parole Evidence-Based Practice and Parole Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 8: Juvenile Corrections Learning Objectives A Brief History The Diverse Landscape of Juvenile Corrections The Structure of the Juvenile Justice System Characteristics of Juveniles in Custody Overrepresentation of Youth of Color Young Women and Juvenile Corrections Recidivism Rates and Juvenile Corrections Juvenile Corrections Fads Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 9: The Corrections Workforce Corrections Work Service Providers and Treatment in Custody Why Corrections Work? Characteristics of the Corrections Workforce Correctional Staffing Education and Training The Correctional Hierarchy Sustaining a Workforce Job Stress Progressive Developments in Leadership Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 10: Law and Corrections State Regulatory Bodies Professional Standards Litigating in the Courts to Stop Abusive Practices Legislating Reforms Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 11: Corrections and the Color Line Learning Objectives Measuring the Extent of the Problem Race and Ethnicity Behind the Walls African American Disproportion in the Criminal Justice System APIs and the Corrections System Native Americans and the Corrections System Latinos and the Corrections System Understanding the Causes of Racial Disparity in Corrections Racial Profiling Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 12: Women in the Corrections System Learning Objectives The "Pink Syndrome" The Rising Tide of Incarcerated Women--What the Numbers Say Girls and the System Women''s Pathways into Crime A Complex Mix of Risk Factors Coping Programs and Services Operational Issues in Custody Conditions of Confinement Research on Women and the Justice System Moving Forward with Research on Women Prospects for Gender-Responsive Programming Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 13: Special Populations Learning Objectives Prisons and Jails as Community Health Providers Inmates Suffer from a Wide Range of Medical Problems Health Care Services Mental Illness in Prisons and Jails The Increasing Elderly Prison Population Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Inmates Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 14: The Death Penalty Learning Objectives The Controversial Moral Imperative The State of Capital Punishment Characteristics of Death Row Inmates Legal Challenges to the Death Penalty Juveniles and the Death Penalty The Death Sentence and Mental Competence Innocence and Those Awaiting Executions Costs of Capital Punishment The Problem of Lethal Injection Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 15: The Growth of Privatization in Corrections Learning Objectives History and Functioning of Private Prisons in the United States Major Private Prison Companies How Private Prisons Function Other Forms of Corrections Privatization Private Prison Performance Impact of Privatization on Local Economies Privatization, Innovation, and Reform The Profit Motive and Conflict of Interest Contracting, Oversight, and Monitoring Are Private Prisons Necessary? Further Research Summary Discussion Questions You Decide ReferencesCHAPTER 16: The Politics and Future of Mass Incarceration Learning Objectives Mass Incarceration and Electoral Politics In Whose Interest? An Opening to Change What the Public Actually Thinks about Corrections Policy Confronting the Politics of Mass Incarceration Is Money the Currency of Reform? Recruiting New Allies to Corrections Reform The Way Forward Discussion Questions You Decide References.