About the Authors xxiii Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii About the Companion Website xxviii 1 Chemist and Technician in the Analytical Laboratory 1 1.1 Introduction--The Analytical Chemist and Technician 1 1.2 Today''s Laboratory Chemist and Technician 1 1.3 ChemTech--The Chemist and Technician Toolkit Companion 2 1.4 Chapter Layout 2 1.5 Users of ChemTech 6 2 Introduction to the Analytical Laboratory 7 2.1 Introduction to the Laboratory 7 2.2 Laboratory Glassware 7 2.

3 Conclusion 18 3 Laboratory Safety 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Proper Personal Protection and Appropriate Attire 19 3.3 Proper Shoes and Pants 20 3.4 Laboratory Gloves 20 3.5 General Rules to Use Gloves 22 3.6 Safety Data Sheet (SDS) 22 3.7 Emergency Eyewash and Face Wash Stations 24 3.

8 Emergency Safety Showers 25 3.9 Fire Extinguishers 25 3.10 Clothing Fire in The Laboratory 26 3.11 Spill Cleanup Kits 26 3.12 Chemicals and Solvents 27 3.13 First Aid Kits 29 3.14 Gasses and Cylinders 29 3.15 Sharps Containers and Broken Glass Boxes 30 3.

16 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 30 4 Basic Mathematics in the Laboratory 83 4.1 Introduction to Basic Math 83 4.2 Units and Metric System 83 4.3 Significant Figures 84 4.4 Scientific Calculators 86 4.5 ChemTech Conversion Tool 89 4.6 Chapter Key Concepts 96 4.7 Chapter Problems 96 5 Analytical Data Treatment (Statistics) 97 5.

1 Errors in the Laboratory 97 5.2 Expressing Absolute and Relative Errors 98 5.3 Precision 98 5.4 The Normal Distribution Curve 98 5.5 Precision of Experimental Data 100 5.6 Normal Distribution Curve of a Sample 101 5.7 ChemTech Statistical Calculations 102 5.8 Student''s Distribution t Test for Confidence Limits 105 5.

9 Tests of Significance 111 5.10 Treatment of Data Outliers 112 5.11 Chapter Key Concepts 114 5.12 Chapter Problems 114 6 Plotting and Graphing 116 6.1 Introduction to Graphing 116 6.2 Graph Construction 116 6.3 Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System 117 6.4 Curve Fitting 117 6.

5 Redrawn Graph Example 117 6.6 Graphs of Equations 118 6.7 Least-Squares Method 121 6.8 Computer-Generated Curves 122 6.9 Calculating Concentrations 125 6.10 Nonlinear Curve Fitting 126 6.11 Chapter Key Concepts 130 6.12 Chapter Problems 130 7 Using Microsoft Excel® in the Laboratory 132 7.

1 Introduction to Excel® 132 7.2 Opening Excel in ChemTech 132 7.3 The Excel Spreadsheet 132 7.4 Graphing in Excel 134 7.5 Complex Charting in Excel 137 7.6 Statistical Analysis using Excel 139 8 Making Laboratory Solutions 151 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Laboratory Reagent Fundamentals 151 8.

3 The Periodic Table 151 8.4 Calculating Formula Weights 152 8.5 Calculating The Mole 152 8.6 Molecular Weight Calculator 152 8.7 Expressing Concentration 153 8.8 The Parts PER (PP) Notation 157 8.9 Computer-Based Solution Calculations 157 8.10 Reactions in Solution 161 8.

11 Chapter Key Concepts 161 8.12 Chapter Problems 162 9 Acid-Base Theory and Buffer Solutions 163 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life 163 9.3 The Litmus Test 163 9.4 Early Acid-Base Descriptions 164 9.5 Brnsted-Lowry Definition 164 9.6 The Equilibrium Constant 165 9.

7 The Acid Ionization Constant 165 9.8 Calculating the Hydrogen Ion Concentration 165 9.9 The Base Ionization Constant 167 9.10 Ion Product for Water 168 9.11 The Solubility Product Constant (K SP) 168 9.12 The pH of a Solution 170 9.13 Measuring the pH 171 9.14 Buffered Solutions--Description and Preparing 172 9.

15 ChemTech Buffer Solution Calculator 174 9.16 Chapter Key Concepts 175 9.17 Chapter Problems 175 10 Titration--A Volumetric Method of Analysis 178 10.1 Introduction 178 10.2 Reacting Ratios 178 10.3 The Equivalence Point 179 10.4 Useful Relationships for Calculations 179 10.5 Deriving the Titration Equation 179 10.

6 Titrations in ChemTech 180 10.7 Acid/Base Titration Endpoint (Equivalence Point) 181 10.8 Acid/Base Titration Midpoint 182 10.9 Acid/Base Titration Indicators 182 10.10 Titrations Using Normal Solutions 184 10.11 Polyprotic Acid Titration 184 10.12 ChemTech Calculation of Normal Titrations 185 10.13 Performing a Titration 185 10.

14 Primary Standards 186 10.15 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide 187 10.16 Conductometric Titrations (Nonaqueous Solutions) 189 10.17 Precipitation Titration (MOHR Method for Halides) 190 10.18 Complex Formation with Back Titration (Volhard Method for Anions) 191 10.19 Chapter Key Concepts 196 10.20 Chapter Problems 197 11 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions 199 11.1 Introduction 199 11.

2 Oxidation and Reduction 199 11.3 The Volt 200 11.4 The Electrochemical Cell 200 11.5 Redox Reaction Conventions 200 11.6 The Nernst Equation 202 11.7 Determining Redox Titration Endpoints 203 11.8 Potentiometric Titrations 204 11.9 Visual Indicators used in Redox Titrations 206 11.

10 Pretitration Oxidation-Reduction 207 11.11 Ion-Selective Electrodes 207 11.12 Chapter Key Concepts 207 11.13 Chapter Problems 209 12 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) 211 12.1 Introduction 211 12.2 Lims Main Menu 211 12.3 Logging in Samples 213 12.4 Entering Test Results 213 12.

5 Add or Delete Tests 214 12.6 Calculations and Curves 214 12.7 Search Wizards 215 12.8 Approving Samples 217 12.9 Printing Sample Reports 217 13 Ultraviolet and Visible (UV/VIS) Spectroscopy 227 13.1 Introduction to Spectroscopy in the Analytical Laboratory 227 13.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 227 13.3 Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/VIS) Spectroscopy 227 13.

4 UV/Visible Spectrophotometers 236 13.5 Special Topic (Example)--Spectrophotometric Study of Dye Compounds 237 13.6 Chapter Key Concepts 240 13.7 Chapter Problems 242 14 Fluorescence Optical Emission Spectroscopy 244 14.1 Introduction to Fluorescence 244 14.2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Theory 245 14.3 Phosphorescence 246 14.4 Excitation and Emission Spectra 247 14.

5 Rate Constants 247 14.6 Quantum Yield Rate Constants 248 14.7 Decay Lifetimes 248 14.8 Factors Affecting Fluorescence 249 14.9 Quantitative Analysis and Beer-Lambert Law 252 14.10 Quenching of Fluorescence 253 14.11 Fluorometric Instrumentation 253 14.12 Special Topic--Fluorescence Study of Dye-A007 Complexes 259 14.

13 Chapter Key Concepts 261 14.14 Chapter Problems 262 15 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 264 15.1 Introduction 264 15.2 Basic IR Instrument Design 264 15.3 The Infrared Spectrum and Molecular Assignment 266 15.4 FTIR Table Band Assignments 267 15.5 FTIR Spectrum Example I 273 15.6 FTIR Spectrum Example II 273 15.

7 FTIR Inorganic Compound Analysis 274 15.8 Chapter Key Concepts 274 15.9 Chapter Problems 276 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 280 16.1 Introduction 280 16.2 Frequency and Magnetic Field Strength 280 16.3 Continuous-Wave NMR 281 16.4 The NMR Sample Probe 282 16.5 Pulsed-Field Fourier Transform NMR 282 16.

6 Proton NMR Spectra Environmental Effects 284 16.7 Carbon-13 NMR 286 16.8 Special Topic--NMR Characterization of Cholesteryl Phosphate 290 16.9 Chapter Key Concepts 295 16.10 Chapter Problems 296 References 297 17 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) 298 17.1 Introduction 298 17.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Process 298 17.3 Atomic Absorption and Emission Source 299 17.

4 Source Gases and Flames 299 17.5 Block Diagram of AAS Instrumentation 299 17.6 The Light Source 301 17.7 Interferences in AAS 302 17.8 Electrothermal Atomization--Graphite Furnace 302 17.9 Instrumentation 303 17.10 Flame Atomic Absorption Analytical Methods 304 18 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 306 18.1 Introduction 306 18.

2 Elements in Periodic Table 306 18.3 The Plasma Torch 306 18.4 Sample Types 307 18.5 Sample Introduction 308 18.6 ICP-OES Instrumentation 308 18.7 ICP-OES Environmental Application Example 313 19 Atomic Mass Spectrometry 328 19.1 Introduction 328 19.2 Low-Resolution ICP-MS 328 19.

3 High-Resolution ICP-MS 331 20 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 336 20.1 X-Ray Fluorescence Introduction 336 20.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Theory 336 20.3 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) 337 20.4 Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) 340 20.5 Applications of XRF 344 20.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 345 21 Chromatography--Introduction and Theory 354 21.1 Preface 354 21.

2 Introduction to Chromatography 354 21.3 Theory of Chromatography 354 21.4 The Theoretical Plate Number N.