Preface xxiii Author Biographies xxv Acknowledgments xxvii 1 Chemist and Technician in the Analytical Laboratory 1 1.1 Introduction--The Analytical Chemist and Technician 1 1.2 Today''s Laboratory Chemist and Technician 1 1.3 ChemTech--The Chemist and Technician Toolkit Companion 1 1.4 Chapter Layout 2 1.5 Users of ChemTech 6 2 Introduction to the Analytical Laboratory 7 2.1 Introduction to the Laboratory 7 2.2 Laboratory Glassware 7 2.

3 Conclusion 18 3 Laboratory Safety 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Proper Personal Protection and Appropriate Attire 19 3.3 Proper Shoes and Pants 20 3.4 Laboratory Gloves 20 3.5 General Rules to Use Gloves 22 3.6 Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) 22 3.7 Emergency Eye Wash and Face Wash Stations 23 3.

8 Emergency Safety Showers 24 3.9 Fire Extinguishers 24 3.10 Clothing Fire in the Laboratory 25 3.11 Spill Cleanup Kits 25 3.12 Chemicals and Solvents 27 3.13 First Aid Kits 27 3.14 Gasses and Cylinders 29 3.15 Sharps Containers and Broken Glass Boxes 29 3.

16 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 29 4 Basic Mathematics in the Laboratory 83 4.1 Introduction to Basic Math 83 4.2 Units and Metric System 83 4.3 Significant Figures 84 4.4 Scientific Calculators 86 4.5 ChemTech Conversion Tool 89 4.6 Chapter Key Concepts 89 4.7 Chapter Problems 92 5 Analytical Data Treatment (Statistics) 93 5.

1 Errors in the Laboratory 93 5.2 Expressing Absolute and Relative Errors 94 5.3 Precision 94 5.4 The Normal Distribution Curve 94 5.5 Precision of Experimental Data 96 5.6 Normal Distribution Curve of a Sample 97 5.7 ChemTech Statistical Calculations 98 5.8 Student''s Distribution t Test for Confidence Limits 101 5.

9 Tests of Significance 104 5.10 Treatment of Data Outliers 105 5.11 Chapter Key Concepts 106 5.12 Chapter Problems 107 6 Plotting and Graphing 109 6.1 Introduction to Graphing 109 6.2 Graph Construction 109 6.3 Rectangular Cartesian Coordinate System 110 6.4 Curve Fitting 110 6.

5 Redrawn Graph Example 110 6.6 Graphs of Equations 111 6.7 Least-Squares Method 114 6.8 Computer-Generated Curves 115 6.9 Calculating Concentrations 119 6.10 Nonlinear Curve Fitting 119 6.11 Chapter Key Concepts 123 6.12 Chapter Problems 124 7 Using Microsoft Excel® in the Laboratory 125 7.

1 Introduction to Excel® 125 7.2 Opening Excel® in ChemTech 125 7.3 The Excel® Spreadsheet 125 7.4 Graphing in Excel® 127 7.5 Charts in Excel® 2010 132 7.6 Complex Charting in Excel® 97-2003 132 7.7 Complex Charting in Excel® 2010 139 7.8 Statistical Analysis Using Excel® 141 8 Making Laboratory Solutions 147 8.

1 Introduction 147 8.2 Laboratory Reagent Fundamentals 147 8.3 The Periodic Table 147 8.4 Calculating Formula Weights 148 8.5 Calculating the Mole 148 8.6 Molecular Weight Calculator 148 8.7 Expressing Concentration 148 8.8 The Parts per (PP) Notation 153 8.

9 Computer-Based Solution Calculations 153 8.10 Reactions in Solution 157 8.11 Chapter Key Concepts 157 8.12 Chapter Problems 158 9 Acid-Base Theory and Buffer Solutions 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Acids and Bases in Everyday Life 159 9.3 The Litmus Test 159 9.4 Early Acid-Base Descriptions 160 9.

5 Br?nsted-Lowry Definition 160 9.6 The Equilibrium Constant 161 9.7 The Acid Ionization Constant 161 9.8 Calculating the Hydrogen Ion Concentration 162 9.9 The Base Ionization Constant 163 9.10 Ion Product for Water 164 9.11 The Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) 164 9.12 The pH of a Solution 166 9.

13 Measuring the pH 167 9.14 Buffered Solutions--Description and Preparing 168 9.15 ChemTech Buffer Solution Calculator 170 9.16 Chapter Key Concepts 171 9.17 Chapter Problems 172 10 Titration--A Volumetric Method of Analysis 175 10.1 Introduction 175 10.2 Reacting Ratios 175 10.3 The Equivalence Point 176 10.

4 Useful Relationships for Calculations 176 10.5 Deriving the Titration Equation 176 10.6 Titrations in ChemTech 177 10.7 Acid/Base Titration Endpoint (Equivalence Point) 178 10.8 Acid/Base Titration Midpoint 179 10.9 Acid/Base Titration Indicators 180 10.10 Titrations Using Normal Solutions 181 10.11 Polyprotic Acid Titration 181 10.

12 ChemTech Calculation of Normal Titrations 182 10.13 Performing a Titration 183 10.14 Primary Standards 184 10.15 Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide 185 10.16 Conductometric Titrations (Nonaqueous Solutions) 186 10.17 Precipitation Titration (Mohr Method for Halides) 188 10.18 Complex Formation with Back Titration (Volhard Method for Anions) 189 10.19 Complex Formation Titration with EDTA for Cations 190 10.

20 Chapter Key Concepts 194 10.21 Chapter Problems 195 11 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions 197 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Oxidation and Reduction 197 11.3 The Volt 198 11.4 The Electrochemical Cell 198 11.5 Redox Reaction Conventions 198 11.6 The Nernst Equation 200 11.

7 Determining Redox Titration Endpoints 202 11.8 Potentiometric Titrations 202 11.9 Visual Indicators Used in Redox Titrations 204 11.10 Pretitration Oxidation-Reduction 205 11.11 Ion-Selective Electrodes 206 11.12 Chapter Key Concepts 206 11.13 Chapter Problems 207 12 Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) 209 12.1 Introduction 209 12.

2 LIMS Main Menu 209 12.3 Logging in Samples 209 12.4 Entering Test Results 209 12.5 Add or Delete Tests 211 12.6 Calculations and Curves 212 12.7 Search Wizards 214 12.8 Approving Samples 218 12.9 Printing Sample Reports 220 13 Ultraviolet and Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy 221 13.

1 Introduction to Spectroscopy in the Analytical Laboratory 221 13.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 221 13.3 Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/Vis) Spectroscopy 221 13.4 UV/Visible Spectrophotometers 230 13.5 Special Topic (Example)--Spectrophotometric Study of Dye Compounds 234 13.6 Chapter Key Concepts 236 13.7 Chapter Problems 237 14 Fluorescence Optical Emission Spectroscopy 239 14.1 Introduction to Fluorescence 239 14.

2 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Theory 240 14.3 Phosphorescence 241 14.4 Excitation and Emission Spectra 242 14.5 Rate Constants 243 14.6 Quantum Yield Rate Constants 243 14.7 Decay Lifetimes 244 14.8 Factors Affecting Fluorescence 244 14.9 Quantitative Analysis and Beer-Lambert Law 248 14.

10 Quenching of Fluorescence 249 14.11 Fluorometric Instrumentation 249 14.12 Special Topic--Flourescence Study of Dye-A007 Complexes 255 14.13 Chapter Key Concepts 257 14.14 Chapter Problems 258 15 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy 261 15.1 Introduction 261 15.2 Basic IR Instrument Design 261 15.3 The Infrared Spectrum and Molecular Assignment 263 15.

4 FTIR Table Band Assignments 264 15.5 FTIR Spectrum Example I 270 15.6 FTIR Spectrum Example II 270 15.7 FTIR Inorganic Compound Analysis 271 15.8 Chapter Key Concepts 271 15.9 Chapter Problems 273 16 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 277 16.1 Introduction 277 16.2 Frequency and Magnetic Field Strength 277 16.

3 Continuous-Wave NMR 278 16.4 The NMR Sample Probe 280 16.5 Pulsed Field Fourier Transform NMR 280 16.6 Proton NMR Spectra Environmental Effects 280 16.7 Carbon-13 NMR 283 16.8 Special Topic--NMR Characterization of Cholesteryl Phosphate 287 16.9 Chapter Key Concepts 292 16.10 Chapter Problems 293 References 294 17 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) 295 17.

1 Introduction 295 17.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Process 295 17.3 Atomic Absorption and Emission Source 296 17.4 Source Gases and Flames 296 17.5 Block Diagram of AAS Instrumentation 296 17.6 The Light Source 297 17.7 Interferences in AAS 299 17.8 Electrothermal Atomization--Graphite Furnace 299 17.

9 Instrumentation 300 17.10 Flame Atomic Absorption Analytical Methods 301 18 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy 303 18.1 Introduction 303 18.2 Elements in Periodic Table 303 18.3 The Plasma Torch 303 18.4 Sample Types 304 18.5 Sample Introduction 304 18.6 ICP-OES Instrumentation 305 18.

7 ICP-OES Environmental Application Example 310 19 Atomic Mass Spectrometry 325 19.1 Introduction 325 19.2 Low-Resolution ICP-MS 325 19.2.3 The Collision/Reaction Cell 325 19.2.4 Quadrupole Mass Filter 328 19.3 High-Resolution ICP-MS 328 20 X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 333 20.

1 X-Ray Fluorescence Introduction 333 20.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Theory 333 20.3 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) 334 20.4 Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (WDXRF) 337 20.5 Applications of XRF 341 20.6 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 342.