Abbreviations, Time Scale, and Conversions Preface Protocols and Organization References Introduction References Additional References Part I: Boreal Land Bridges Bering Land Bridge Beringia Background References Additional References One / West Beringia: Siberia and Kamchatka Siberia Geographic Setting and Climate Geology Modern Vegetation Indigenous People Kamchatka Geographic Setting and Climate Modern Vegetation Indigenous People References Additional References Two / East Beringia: Alaska, Northwestern North America, and the Aleutian Connection Geographic Setting and Climate Geology Modern Vegetation Indigenous People Utilization of the Bering Land Bridge Peopling of America (from the West) References Additional References Three / North Atlantic Land Bridge: Northeastern North America, Greenland, Iceland, Arctic Islands, Northwestern Europe Geographic Setting and Climate Geology Modern Vegetation Utilization of the North Atlantic Land Bridge Modernization of the Flora Biodiversity and Vegetation Density Floristic Relationships between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America Geofloras and the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis Indigenous People Peopling of America (from the East) References Additional References Part II: Equatorial Land Bridges Four / Antillean Land Bridge Stepping Stones or Lost Highway Geographic Setting and Climate Geology Modern Vegetation Indigenous People Utilization of the Antillean Land Bridge References Additional References Five / Central American Land Bridge South and North of the CALB Geographic Setting and Climate Forging the Final Link: Geology Modern Vegetation Indigenous People Utilization of the CALB References Additional References Part III: Austral Land Bridge Six / Magellan Land Bridge: Cono del Sur and Antarctica Cono del Sur Geographic Setting and Climate Geology Modern Vegetation Indigenous People Peopling of South America (from the North) Antarctica Geographic Setting and Climate Geology Land Bridges and Island Biogeography Utilization of the Magellan Land Bridge Cono del Sur Antarctica References Additional References Seven / Case Studies Ferns and Allied Groups Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocotyledons Dicotyledons References Additional References Eight / Summary and Conclusions Events, Processes, and Responses Bering Land Bridge North Atlantic Land Bridge Antillean Land Bridge Central American Land Bridge Magellan Land Bridge Conceptual Issues and Future Needs References Additional References (Conservation) Additional References (Selected Classical Literature) Acknowledgments Index.