1. Introduction 1.1 Definition of Surveying 1.2 Geomatics 1.3 History of Surveying 1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys 1.5 Importance of Surveying 1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys 1.
7 Surveying Safety 1.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems 1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies 1.10 The Surveying Profession 1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations 1.12 Surveying on the Internet 1.13 Future Challenges in Surveying 2. Units, Significant Figures, and Field Notes 2.
1 Introduction 2.2 Units of Measurement 2.3 International System of Units (SI) 2.4 Significant Figures 2.5 Rounding Off Numbers 2.6 Field Notes 2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes 2.8 Types of Field Books 2.
9 Kinds of Notes 2.10 Arrangements of Notes 2.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes 2.12 Introduction to Survey Controllers 2.13 Transfer of Files from Survey Controllers 2.14 Digital Data File Management 2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Survey Controllers 3.Theory of Errors In Observations 3.
1 Introduction 3.2 Direct and Indirect Observations 3.3 Errors in Measurements 3.4 Mistakes 3.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations 3.6 Types of Errors 3.7 Precision and Accuracy 3.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 3.
9 Probability 3.10 Most Probable Value 3.11 Residuals 3.12 Occurrence of Random Errors 3.13 General Laws of Probability 3.14 Measures of Precision 3.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation 3.16 The 50%, 90%, and 95% Errors 3.
17 Error Propagation 3.18 Applications 3.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations 3.20 Weights of Observations 3.21 Least-Squares Adjustment 4.Leveling--Theory, Methods, and Equipment 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Definitions 4.
3 North American Vertical Datum 4.4 Curvature and Refraction 4.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation 4.6 Categories of Levels 4.7 Telescopes 4.8 Level Vials 4.9 Tilting Levels 4.10 Automatic Levels 4.
11 Digital Levels 4.12 Tripods 4.13 Hand Level 4.14 Level Rods 4.15 Testing and Adjusting Levels 5. Leveling--Field Procedures and ComputatIons 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level 5.
3 Duties of a Rodperson 5.4 Differential Leveling 5.5 Precision 5.6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits 5.7 Reciprocal Leveling 5.8 Three-Wire Leveling 5.9 Profile Leveling 5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling 5.
11 Use of the Hand Level 5.12 Sources of Error in Leveling 5.13 Mistakes 5.14 Reducing Errors and Eliminating Mistakes 5.15 Using Software 6. Distance Measurement 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Summary of Methods For Making Linear Measurements 6.
3 Pacing 6.4 Odometer Readings 6.5 Optical Rangefinders 6.6 Tacheometry 6.7 Subtense Bar 6.8 Introduction to Taping 6.9 Taping Equipment and Accessories 6.10 Care of Taping Equipment 6.
11 Taping on Level Ground 6.12 Horizontal Measurements on Sloping Ground 6.13 Slope Measurements 6.14 Sources of Error in Taping 6.15 Introduction 6.16 Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy 6.17 Principles of Electronic Distance Measurement 6.18 Electro-Optical Instruments 6.
19 Total Station Instruments 6.20 EDM Instruments Without Reflectors 6.21 Computing Horizontal Lengths From Slope Distances 6.22 Errors in Electronic Distance Measurement 6.23 Using Software 7. Angles, Azimuths, and BearIngs 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Units of Angle Measurement 7.
3 Kinds of Horizontal Angles 7.4 Direction of a Line 7.5 Azimuths 7.6 Bearings 7.7 Comparison of Azimuths and Bearings 7.8 Computing Azimuths 7.9 Computing Bearings 7.10 The Compass and the Earth''s Magnetic Field 7.
11 Magnetic Declination 7.12 Variations in Magnetic Declination 7.13 Software for Determining Magnetic Declination 7.14 Local Attraction 7.15 Typical Magnetic Declination Problems 7.16 Mistakes 8. Total Station Instruments; Angle Observations 8.1 Introduction 8.
2 Characteristics of Total Station Instruments 8.3 Functions Performed by Total Station Instruments 8.4 Parts of a Total Station Instrument 8.5 Handling and Setting up a Total Station Instrument 8.6 Servo-Driven and Remotely Operated Total Station Instruments 8.7 Relationship of Angles and Distances 8.8 Observing Horizontal Angles with Total Station Instruments 8.9 Observing Multiple Horizontal Angles by the Direction Method 8.
10 Closing the Horizon 8.11 Observing Deflection Angles 8.12 Observing Azimuths 8.13 Observing Vertical Angles 8.14 Sights and Marks 8.15 Prolonging a Straight Line 8.16 Balancing-in 8.17 Random Traverse 8.
18 Total Stations for Determining Elevation Differences 8.19 Adjustment of Total Station Instruments and their Accessories 8.20 Sources of Error in Total Station Work 8.21 Propagation of Random Errors in Angle Observations 8.22 Mistakes 9. Traversing 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Observation of Traverse Angles or Directions 9.
3 Observation of Traverse Lengths 9.4 Selection of Traverse Stations 9.5 Referencing Traverse Stations 9.6 Traverse Field Notes 9.7 Angle Misclosure 9.8 Traversing with Total Station Instruments 9.9 Radial Traversing 9.10 Sources of Error in Traversing 9.
11 Mistakes in Traversing 10. Traverse Computations 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Balancing Angles 10.3 Computation of Preliminary Azimuths or Bearings 10.4 Departures and Latitudes 10.5 Departure and Latitude Closure Conditions 10.6 Traverse Linear Misclosure and Relative Precision 10.
7 Traverse Adjustment 10.8 Rectangular Coordinates 10.9 Alternative Methods for Making Traverse Computations 10.10 Inversing 10.11 Computing Final Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions 10.12 Coordinate Computations in Boundary Surveys 10.13 Use of Open Traverses 10.14 State Plane Coordinate Systems 10.
15 Traverse Computations using Computers 10.16 Locating Blunders in Traverse Observations 10.17 Mistakes in Traverse Computations 11. CoordInate Geometry In SurveyIng Calculations 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Coordinate Forms of Equations for Lines and Circles 11.3 Perpendicular Distance from a Point to a Line 11.4 Intersection of Two Lines, Both Having Known Directions 11.
5 Intersection of a Line with a Circle 11.6 Intersection of Two Circles 11.7 Three-Point Resection 11.8 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 11.9 Inaccessible Point Problem 11.10 Three-Dimensional Two-Point Resection 11.11 Software 12. Area 12.
1 Introduction 12.2 Methods of Measuring Area 12.3 Area by Division into Simple Figures 12.4 Area by Offsets from Straight Lines 12.5 Area by Coordinates 12.6 Area by Double-Meridian Distance Method 12.7 Area of Parcels with Circular Boundaries 12.8 Partitioning of Lands 12.
9 Area by Measurements from Maps 12.10 Software 12.11 Sources of Error in Determining Areas 12.12 Mistakes in Determining Areas 13. Global NavigatIon Satellite Systems--Introduction and Principles of Operation 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Overview of GPS 13.3 The GPS Signal 13.
4 Reference Coordinate Systems 13.5 Fundamentals of Satellite Positioning 13.6 Errors in Observations 13.7 Differential Positioning 13.8 Kinematic Methods 13.9 Relative Positioning 13.10 Other Satellite Navigation Systems 13.11 The Future 14.
Global Navigation SatellIte Systems--Static Surveys 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Field Procedures in Static GNSS Surveys 14.3 Planning Satellite Surveys 14.4 Performing Static Surveys 14.5 Data Processing and Analysis 14.6 Things to Consider 14.7 A Method for Obtaining Orthometric Height Differences Using GNSS 14.
8 Sources of Errors in Satellite Surveys 14.9 Mistakes in Satellite Surveys 15. Global Navigation Satellite Systems--KInematic Surveys 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Planning of Kinematic Surveys 15.3 Initialization Techniques 15.4 Equipment Used in Kinematic Surveys 15.5 Methods Used in Kinematic Surveys 15.
6 Performing Post-Processed Kinematic Surveys 15.7 Communication in Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 15.8 Real-Time Networks 15.9 Performing Real-Time Kinematic Surveys 15.10 Machine Guidance and Control 15.11 Errors in Kinematic Surveys 15.12 Mistakes in Kinematic Surveys 16. Adjustments by Least Squares 16.
1 Introduction 16.2 Fundamental Condition of Least Squares 16.3 Least-Squares Adjustment by the Observation Equation Method 16.4 Matrix Methods in Least-Squares Adjustment 16.5 Matrix Equations for Precisions of Adjusted Quantities 16.6 Least-Squares Adjustment of Leveling Circuits 16.7 Propagation of Errors 16.8 Least-Squares Adjustment Of GNSS Baseline Vectors 16.
9 Least-Squar.