1 Introduction1.1 Definition of Surveying1.2 Geomatics1.3 History of Surveying1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys1.5 Importance of Surveying1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys1.7 Surveying Safety1.
8 Land and Geographic Information Systems1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies1.10 The Surveying Profession1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations1.12 Surveying on the Internet1.13 Future Challenges in SurveyingProblemsBibliography2 Units, Significant Figures, and Field NotesPart I Units and Significant Figures2.1 Introduction2.2 Units of Measurement 25t2.
3 International System of Units (SI)2.4 Significant Figures2.5 Rounding Off NumbersPart II Field Notes2.6 Field Notes2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes2.8 Types of Field Books2.9 Kinds of Notes2.10 Arrangements of Notes2.
11 Suggestions for Recording Notes2.12 Introduction to Data Collectors2.13 Transfer of Files from Data Collectors2.14 Digital Data File Management2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data CollectorsProblemsBibliography3 Theory of Errors in Observations3.1 Introduction3.2 Direct and Indirect Observations3.3 Errors in Measurements3.
4 Mistakes3.5 Sources of Errors in Making Observations3.6 Types of Errors3.7 Precision and Accuracy3.8 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors3.9 Probability3.10 Most Probable Value3.11 Residuals3.
12 Occurrence of Random Errors3.13 General Laws of Probability3.14 Measures of Precision3.15 Interpretation of Standard Deviation3.16 The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors3.17 Error Propagation3.17.1 Error of a Sum3.
17.2 Error of a Series3.17.3 Error in a Product3.17.4 Error in the Mean3.18 Applications3.19 Conditional Adjustment of Observations3.
20 Weights of Observations3.21 Least-Squares AdjustmentProblemsBibliography4 Leveling-Theory, Methods, and EquipmentPart I Leveling-Theory and Methods4.1 Introduction4.2 Definitions4.3 North American Vertical Datum4.4 Curvature and Refraction4.5 Methods for Determining Differences in Elevation4.5.
1 Measuring Vertical Distances by Taping or Electronic Methods4.5.2 Differential Leveling4.5.3 Barometric Leveling4.5.4 Trigonometric LevelingPart II Equipment for Differential Leveling4.6 Categories of Levels4.
7 Telescopes4.8 Level Vials4.9 Tilting Levels4.10 Automatic Levels4.11 Digital Levels4.12 Tripods4.13 Hand Level4.14 Level Rods4.
15 Testing and Adjusting Levels4.15.1 Requirements for Testing and Adjusting Instruments4.15.2 Adjusting for Parallax4.15.3 Testing and Adjusting Level Vials4.15.
4 Preliminary Adjustment of the Horizontal Cross Hair4.15.5 Testing and Adjusting the Line of SightProblemsBibliography5 Leveling Field Procedures and Computations5.1 Introduction5.2 Carrying and Setting Up a Level5.3 Duties of a Rodperson5.4 Differential Leveling5.5 Precision5.
6 Adjustments of Simple Level Circuits5.7 Reciprocal Leveling5.8 Three-Wire Leveling5.9 Profile Leveling5.9.1 Staking and Stationing the Reference Line5.9.2 Field Procedures for Profile Leveling5.
9.3 Drawing and Using the Profile5.10 Grid, Cross-Section, or Borrow-Pit Leveling5.11 Use of the Hand Level5.12 Sources of Error in.