Preface Chapter One: What Is A Vertebrate? 1.1 Vertebrates in Context 1.2 What Makes a Vertebrate? 1.3 Breaking Branches 1.4 Summary Chapter Two: Shaking the Tree 2.1 Embranchements and Transformation 2.2 Evolution and Ancestors 2.3 Summary Chapter Three: Embryology and Phylogeny 3.

1 From Embryos to Desperation 3.2 Genes and Phylogeny 3.3 Summary Chapter Four: Hox and Homology 4.1 A Brief History of Homeosis 4.2 The Geoffroy Inversion 4.3 The Phylotypic Stage 4.4 The Meaning of Homology 4.5 Summary Chapter Five: What Is A Deuterostome? Chapter Six: Echinoderms Chapter Seven: Hemichordates Chapter Eight: Amphioxus Chapter Nine: Tunicates Chapter Ten: Vertebrates Chapter Eleven: Some Non-deuterostomes Chapter Twelve: Vertebrates from the Outside, In 12.

1 Introduction 12.2 The Organizer 12.3 The Notochord 12.4 Somitogenesis 12.5 Segmentation and the Head Problem 12.6 The Nervous System 12.7 Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes 12.8 The Skeleton 12.

9 Summary Chapter Thirteen: How Many Sides Has A Chicken? 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Enteric Nervous System 13.3 The Head and the Heart 13.4 The Urogenital System 13.5 The Gut and Its Appendages 13.6 Immunity 13.7 The Pituitary Gland 13.

8 Summary Chapter Fourteen: Some Fossil Forms 14.1 Fossils in an Evolutionary Context 14.2 Meiofaunal Beginnings 14.3 Cambroernids 14.4 Vetulicystids 14.5 Vetulicolians 14.6 Yunnanozoans 14.7 Pikaia 14.

8 Cathaymyrus 14.9 The Earliest Fossil Vertebrates 14.10 Conodonts 14.11 Ostracoderms and Placoderms 14.12 Summary Chapter Fifteen: Breaking Branches, Building Bridges 15.1 Defining the Deuterostomes 15.2 Ambulacraria 15.3 Echinoderms 15.

4 Hemichordates 15.5 Chordates 15.6 Amphioxus 15.7 The Common Ancestry of Tunicates and Vertebrates 15.8 Tunicates 15.9 Vertebrates 15.10 Cyclostomes 15.11 Gnathostomes 15.

12 The Evolution of the Face 15.13 Crossing the Bridge 15.14 Conclusions Notes References Index.