Introduction 1 The field of grammar 2 Who killed grammar? 3 Why study grammar? 4 Overview of the book I. The Traditional Parts of Speech 5 How did we arrive at the canonical eight? Nouns Traditional Classifications 6 Nouns generally 7 Common nouns 8 Proper nouns 9 Count nouns 10 Collective nouns 11 Expressions of multitude 12 Expressions of partition 13 Mass nouns Properties of Nouns 14 Generally 15 Case 16 Number 17 Gender 18 Person Plurals 19 Generally 20 Adding "s" or "es" 21 Plurals of proper nouns 22 Nouns ending in "f" or "fe" 23 Nouns ending in "o" 24 Nouns ending in "y" 25 Nouns ending in "ics" 26 Compound nouns 27 Irregular plurals 28 Borrowed plurals 29 Plural form with singular sense 30 Plural-form proper nouns 31 Tricky anomalies Case 32 Function 33 Common case, nominative function 34 Common case, objective function 35 Genitive case 36 The "of"-genitive 37 Genitives of titles and names 38 Joint and separate genitives Agent and Recipient Nouns 39 Definitions; use 40 Appositives: definition and use Conversions 41 Nouns as adjectives 42 Nouns as verbs 43 Adverbial functions 44 Other conversions Pronouns Definition and Uses 45 "Pronoun" defined 46 Antecedents of pronouns 47 Clarity of antecedent 48 Pronouns without antecedents 49 Sentence meaning Properties of Pronouns 50 Four properties 51 Number and antecedent 52 Exceptions regarding number of the antecedent 53 Pronoun with multiple antecedents 54 Some traditional singular pronouns 55 Gender 56 Case 57 Pronouns in apposition 58 Nominative case misused for objective Classes of Pronouns 59 Seven classes Personal Pronouns 60 Form 61 Identification 62 Changes in form 63 Agreement generally 64 Expressing gender 65 Determining gender 66 Special rules 67 Case after linking verb 68 Case after "than" or "as-as" 69 Special uses 70 The singular "they" Possessive Pronouns 71 Uses and forms 72 Possessive pronouns vs contractions Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns 73 Compound personal pronouns: "self" forms 74 Basic uses of reflexive and intensive pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns 75 Definition Reciprocal Pronouns 76 Generally 77 Simple and phrasal pronouns Interrogative Pronouns 78 Definition 79 Referent of interrogative pronouns Relative Pronouns 80 Definition 81 Gender, number, and case with relative pronouns 82 Positional nuances 83 Antecedent 84 Remote relative clauses 85 Omitted antecedent 86 Relative pronoun and the antecedent "one" 87 Function of relative pronoun in clause 88 Genitive forms 89 "Whose" and "of which" 90 Compound relative pronouns 91 "Who" vs"whom" Indefinite Pronouns 92 Generally 93 The indefinite pronoun "one" Adjectives Types of Adjectives 94 Definition 95 Qualitative adjectives 96 Quantitative adjectives 97 Demonstrative adjectives 98 Possessive adjectives 99 Interrogative adjectives 100 Distributive adjectives 101 Indefinite adjectives 102 Pronominal adjectives 103 Proper adjectives 104 Compound adjectives 105 Relative adjectives Articles as Limiting Adjectives 106 Definition 107 Definite article 108 Definite articles and proper names 109 Indefinite article 110 Indefinite article in specific reference 111 Choosing "a" or "an" 112 Articles with coordinate nouns 113 Effect on meaning 114 Omitted article and zero article 115 Article as pronoun substitute Dates as Adjectives 116 Use and punctuation Position of Adjectives 117 Basic rules 118 After possessives 119 Adjective modifying pronoun 120 Predicate adjective 121 Dangling participles 122 Distinguishing an adjective from an adverb or participle Degrees of Adjectives 123 Generally 124 Comparative forms 125 Superlative forms 126 Forming comparatives and superlatives 127 Equal and unequal comparisons 128 Noncomparable adjectives Special Types of Adjectives 129 Participial adjectives 130 Coordinate adjectives 131 Phrasal adjectives 132 Exceptions for hyphenating phrasal adjectives Functional Variation 133 Adjectives as nouns 134 Adjectives as verbs 135 Other parts of speech functioning as adjectives 136 The weakening effect of injudicious adjectives Verbs Definitions 137 Verbs generally 138 Transitive and intransitive verbs 139 Ergative verbs 140 Dynamic and stative verbs 141 Regular and irregular verbs 142 Linking verbs 143 Phrasal verbs 144 Principal and auxiliary verbs 145 Verb phrases 146 Contractions Infinitives 147 Definition 148 Split infinitive 149 Uses of infinitive 150 Dangling infinitive Participles and Gerunds 151 Participles generally 152 Forming present participles 153 Forming past participles 154 Participial phrases 155 Gerunds 156 Gerund phrases 157 Distinguishing between participles and gerunds 158 Fused participles 159 Dangling participles 160 Dangling gerunds Properties of Verbs 161 Five properties VOICE 162 Active and passive voice 163 Progressive conjugation and voice MOOD 164 Generally 165 Indicative mood 166 Imperative mood 167 Subjunctive mood 168 Subjunctive vsindicative mood 169 Present subjunctive 170 Past subjunctive 171 Past-perfect subjunctive TENSE 172 Generally 173 Present tense 174 Past indicative 175 Future tense 176 Present-perfect tense 177 Past-perfect tense 178 Future-perfect tense 179 Progressive tenses 180 Backshifting in reported speech TENSES ILLUSTRATED 181 Conjugation of the regular verb "to call" 182 Conjugation of the irregular verb "to hide" 183 Conjugation of the verb "to be" PERSON 184 Generally NUMBER 185 Generally 186 Agreement in person and number 187 Disjunctive compound subjects 188 Conjunctive compound subjects 189 Some other nuances of number involving conjunctions 190 Peculiar nouns that are plural in form but singular in sense 191 Agreement of indefinite pronouns 192 Relative pronouns as subjects 193 "There is"; "Here is" 194 False attraction to intervening matter 195 False attraction to predicate noun 196 Misleading connectives: "as well as," "along with," "together with," etc 197 Agreement in first and second person Auxiliary Verbs 198 Generally 199 Modal auxiliaries 200 "Can" and "could" 201 "May" and "might" 202 "Must" 203 "Ought" 204 "Shall" 205 "Should" 206 "Will" and "would" 207 "Dare" and "need" 208 "Do" 209 "Have" Adverbs Definition and Formation 210 Generally 211 Sentence adverbs 212 Adverbial suffixes 213 Adverbs without suffixes 214 Distinguished from adjectives Simple vs Compound Adverbs 215 Standard and flat adverbs 216 Phrasal and compound adverbs Types of Adverbs 217 Adverbs of manner 218 Adverbs of time 219 Adverbs of place 220 Adverbs of degree 221 Adverbs of reason 222 Adverbs of consequence 223 Adverbs of number 224 Interrogative adverbs 225 Exclamatory adverbs 226 Affirmative and negative adverbs 227 Relative adverbs 228 Conjunctive adverbs Adverbial Degrees 229 Generally 230 Comparative forms 231 Superlative forms 232 Irregular adverbs 233 Noncomparable adverbs Position of Adverbs 234 Placement as affecting meaning 235 Modifying words other than verbs 236 Modifying intransitive verbs 237 Adverbs and linking verbs 238 Adverb within verb phrase 239 Importance of placement 240 Adverbial objective 241 Adverbial clause 242 "Only" Prepositions Definition and Types 243 Generally 244 Simple, compound 245 Phrasal prepositions 246 Participial prepositions Prepositional Phrases 247 Generally 248 Prepositional function 249 Placement 250 Refinements on placement 251 Preposition-stranding 252 Clashing p.