Introduction Historical Developments Court System and Testimony Role of the Expert How Injuries Occur Accidents Self-Inflicted Inflicted by Others Unforeseen Events Faulty Equipment Faulty Design Predictable Events Types of Injuries The Head The Neck The Thorax The Hip Girdle Lower Extremities Upper Extremities The Need for Analysis Protect Life and Safety Protect Equipment Validate Testing Determine Human Tolerance Levels Correlate Computations with Injury Potential Validate or Dispute Injuries Design Safer Equipment Design Safer Machines Biomechanical Terminology Introduction Skeletal Terminology Joints Spine Muscles Injury Terminology Basic Elements of Anatomy Bones Head Injury Criterion Spine Muscles Torso Pelvis Tendons and Ligaments Skin Strength of Human Biological Materials Long Bones Spongy Bone Vertebrae Cartilage Discs Ligaments Tendons Muscles Teeth Skin Mechanics of Materials Stress and Strain Axial Stresses: Compression and Tension Shear Oblique Loading Axial and Shearing Strain Torsion Bending Material Sizes of Humans Introduction Weights and Heights Body Segments Some Mechanical Predictions Ligaments, Tendons, and Cartilage Bones Summary Statics and Dynamics Newton¿s Laws Force Systems and Components Moments and Couples Equilibrium Free-Body Diagrams Frames and Force Systems Distributed Forces and Properties of Areas Particle Kinematics Conservation of Mass Conservation of Momentum Conservation of Energy Vibration: Whiplash Models Errors, Sensitivity, Uncertainty, and Probability Misconceptions Error Sensitivity Probability Protective Structures and Their Effect Fascia Panniculus Adiposus Man-Made Protective Structures Examples of Analysis Anterior Cruciate Ligaments Minimum Speed Required to Fracture the Tibia and Fibula Hip Injuries Meniscus Tear, Medial, and Lateral Rotator Cuff Injuries Shoulder Injuries in General Kidneys, Arteries, and Veins Teeth Closed Head Injuries Tibia Plateau and Eminence Fractures Cervical Injuries: A Comparison Federal and Other Standards Federal Standards Industry Standards Appendix A: Values of Fundamental Constants Appendix B: Conversion Factors.