Desulfurization Introduction Hydrodesulfurization Thermodynamic Aspects Kinetics of Hydrodesulfurization Sulfur Removal during Refining Macromolecular Concepts Sediment Formation and Fouling References Feedstocks Introduction Natural Feedstocks Refinery-Produced Feedstocks Sulfur in Petroleum Sulfur Levels and Legislative Regulations References Feedstock Evaluation Introduction Feedstock Evaluation Chromatographic Methods Molecular Weight Other Properties Use of the Data References Desulfurization during Refining Introduction Refinery Configuration Dewatering and Desalting Distillation Thermal Processes Catalytic Cracking Hydroprocesses Deasphalting Feedstock Modification References Upgrading Heavy Feedstocks Introduction Thermal Processes Catalytic Cracking Processes Solvent Processes Future References Refining Chemistry Introduction Cracking Hydrogenation Isomerization Alkylation Polymerization Process Chemistry References Influence of Feedstock Introduction Chemical Composition Physical Composition Feedstock Types Feedstock Composition Product Distribution Use of the Data References Desulfurization Methods Introduction Methods for Sulfur Removal Molecular Imprinting Technology Future References Biocatalytic Desulfurization Introduction Scale-Up of the Biodesulfurization Technique Nano-Biotechnology and Biodesulfurization Future References Hydrodesulfurization Introduction Process Description Reactor Design Catalysts Catalyst Bed Plugging Catalyst Poisoning Process Variables References Desulfurization Processes--Gases Introduction Gas Streams Water Removal Liquid Removal Nitrogen Removal Acid Gas Removal Enrichment Fractionation Claus Process References Desulfurization Processes--Distillates Introduction Commercial Processes Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Polishing Biodesulfurization References Desulfurization Processes--Heavy Feedstocks Introduction Process Options Catalysts References Hydrogen Production and Management Introduction Feedstocks Process Chemistry Commercial Processes Catalysts Purification Hydrogen Management and Safety References Conversion Factors.