Section I. Introduction; Introduction to Raman Spectroscopy; Practical Raman Spectroscopy and Complementary Techniques; Section II. Dyes and Pigments: Overview: Dyes and Pigments; Case Study: Prehistoric Art; Case Study: Painters and Decorators: Raman Spectroscopic Studies of Five Romano-British Villas and The Domis Coiedii at Suasa, Italy; Case Study: Xth Century Manuscript Beato de Valcavdo; Case Study: Micro-Raman and GC-MS of Frescoes; Case Study: Field and in situ identification of pigments in works of art by micro-Raman and visible-NIR reflectance spectroscopies: a polychrome 16th-century Italian fresco and black-coloured Etruscan pottery; Case Study: The Analysis of Dyes by SERRS; Section III. Artefacts; Overview; Case Study: Raman spectroscopy: a powerful tool for the analysis of museum objects; Case Study: Glasses, Glazes and Ceramics - Recognition of the Ancient Technology from the Raman Spectra; Case Study: Fifteen Years of Artefacts Investigations by Raman Microscopy; Case Study: Phase Analysis of Third Millenium Syrian Ceramics by Micro-Raman Spectroscopy; Secion IV. Biological Materials and Degradation; Overview: Biological Materials and Degradation; Case Study: Raman Spectroscopy and Archaeological Biomaterials: Ochred Bones and Resin Tembetß; Case Study: Chinese Scrolls and other Fluorescent samples; Case Study: Ancient Textile Fibres; Case Study: Application of Raman spectroscopy to corrosion products; Overview: Jewellery and precious stones; Case Study: Diamonds, Gemstones and Pearls: From the Past to the Present; Case Study: Analysis of nephrite jade using Raman microscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy; Case Study: Mesoamerican Jade; Section VI. Databases; Database of 74 Raman Spectra of Standard Minerals of relevance to metal corrosion, stained glass or Prehistoric rock art; Section VII. Summary; Summary and Future.