About the Authors ix Acknowledgments xi Preface xiiiCHAPTER 1The Right to a Speedy Trial 1* Historical Basis 1Constitutional Speedy Trial Issues 2* Delay in Charging or Arresting the Defendant 2* Postcharge or Postarrest Delay 6* Delay in Sentencing and Supervised Release Violations 8* Delay in Appeals 9* Sanctions for a Constitutional Violation ofthe Speedy Trial Right 9Dismissals Pursuant to Federal Ruleof Criminal Procedure 48 11* History of Rule 11* Dismissal under Federal Ruleof Criminal Procedure 48(b) 11Federal Speedy Trial Act 12* General Time Limitations 13* Exceptions and Tolling Provisions 14Sanctions for Violating the Statute 19State Speedy Trial Provisions 21* State Constitutional Provisions 21State Speedy Trial Statutes 23Speedy Trial Requirements in theInterstate Agreement on Detainers 26* Introduction 26* Provision for Speedy Trial on Requestof the Prosecutor 26Provisions for Speedy Trial on Notice by Prisoner 27Sanctions 27Speedy Trial Issues in a Pandemic 28CHAPTER 2The Right to a Public Trial 31* Historical Origin of the Right 31Whose Right Is It? 33* Right of the Accused 33* Right of the Public under the First Amendment 34* Incorporation of the Sixth AmendmentPublic Trial Right 34Interests Served by the Public Trial Right 35When May a Trial Be Closed? 36* Overriding Interest That Is Likely to Be Prejudiced 37* Closure Must Be No Broader Than Necessary 39* Trial Court Must Consider Reasonable Alternatives 39Findings Adequate to Support the Closure 40* Partial Closures 40* Application to Different Phases of the Proceedings 41* Assertion of the Right 43* Remedy for a Violation 43* Trivial or De Minimis Closures 44* Public Trial Implications for Cooperating Defendants 45* The Impact of Pandemic Concerns on the Right 47CHAPTER 3The Right to a Jury Trial 53Historical Basis and Constitutional Language 53* Development in England 53American Colonial Experience 54Petty versus Nonpetty Offenses 56* Background 56Unresolved Applications 57Application of the Right 59* Contempt Actions 59* Juvenile Proceedings 60* Deportation Matters 60Sentencing 61Size of Juries in Criminal Cases 63* Historical Basis for Twelve Jurors 63* Fewer Than Twelve Jurors 63* Federal Juries 64* State Juries 65Unanimity 66Unanimity in Criminal Proceedings 66* Constitutional Principles 66* Waiver 67* Deadlocked Juries and the Allen Charge 68States and the Allen Charge 70* Waiver of Jury Right 72Jury Selection 75* Eligibility for Service 75* Qualifications 75* Death Penalty Prosecutions 77Jury Makeup 78Challenging Jurors 82* Information Given to the Lawyers,Understanding Voir Dire 82Process of Voir Dire 82* Challenges for Cause 83Peremptory Challenge 84Disclosing the Identity of Jurors 90* Standards to Enforce Anonymity 90CHAPTER 4Place of Prosecution 101* Historical Basis 101Venue 103* Distinguished from Jurisdiction 103* In General 103State Practice 104Transfer for Trial 105* Waiver of Venue 106* Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 21 108* State Rules on Venue Transfer in Criminal Cases 110* Motion to Transfer 111* The Judicial Test 120Multiple Transfers 121Specific Venue Issues 122* Multiple Jurisdiction Crimes 122* Crimes Not Committed in a District 124* Multiple Defendant Crimes 124Failure to Act Crimes 125Accessories 125* Crimes Furthered through Electronics 125* Crimes Furthered through the United States Mail 127Crimes Committed on Airplanes in Flight 127CHAPTER 5The Right to Be Informed of the Natureand Cause of the Accusations 129When an Indictment or InformationIs Required in Federal Prosecutions 129* Definitions 129* The Indictment 130* Waiver 131The Information 132When an Indictment Is Required in State Prosecutions 132* Generally 132* Indictment 133* Waiver of the Indictment 133States That Use an Information 133Grand Juries 134* Historical Basis 134* Composition and Selection 135* The Process 135The Critique 137* The Preliminary Hearing 137Waiver of the Indictment Requirement 140* Federal 140States 141* Challenging the Sufficiency of the Indictment 142Claims of Duplicity and Multiplicity 143* Duplicity 143Multiplicity 145* Bill of Particulars 147* Secret Indictments 149First Amendment Analysis 94Jury Nullification 96CHAPTER 6The Confrontation Clause 151* The History of Confrontation 151The Supreme Court''s Early Confrontation Jurisprudence 154* Confrontation Defined 154Incorporation to the States 156The Right to Confrontation, 1968 to 2004 156* Defining the Scope of Confrontation 156* Limiting the Scope of Confrontation 160* Special Confrontation Cases: Statementsfrom Child Witnesses 162The Revitalized Confrontation Clause:Crawford v. Washington 165* The Facts 165* Ohio v. Roberts (Partially) Overruled 166* A New Focus on the Text and Historyof the Confrontation Clause 167The Advent of the "Testimonial Statement" 168The Right to Confrontation from 2004 to the Present:The Crawford Doctrine in the Federal and State Courts 170* A New Focus on the Primary Purpose of theInterrogation and the Ongoing Emergency Exception 170Defining the Primary Purpose of the Interrogation or Statement and the Ongoing Emergency Exception 171* The Importance of the Formality of theStatement and Interrogation 176Reliability Redux 179* The U.S. Supreme Court Revisits the Primary PurposeTest and the Ongoing Emergency Requirement 180Forfeiture of the Right to Confrontation 186The Right to Confront Expert Witnesses 189* Recognizing the Right to Confront Experts 189* Defining the Right to Confront Experts 191* Narrowing the Right to Confront Experts 194* Changes to the Court and theRight to Confront Experts 198New Cases and Statutes That May Limitthe Right to Confront Experts 199The Right to Confront Witness underSpecific Circumstances 200* Official Records 200* Special Circumstances 205* Nonhearsay Statements 207Statements to Nonofficials 212The Right to Confrontation in Nontrial Proceedings 213Confrontation and Codefendant Confessions 215* The Bruton Rule 215Applying Crawford to Limit Bruton 217CHAPTER 7The Compulsory Process Clause 219Historical Foundations of theCompulsory Process Clause 219* Development of Compulsory Process in England 219* Development of Compulsory Process duringthe American Colonial and Revolutionary Periods 221Compulsory Process as a Constitutional Right 221Compulsory Process and the Supreme Court 223* The Treason Trial of Aaron Burr 223* Incorporation of the Right to CompulsoryProcess to the States 224Defining the Scope of the Right toCompulsory Process 224Limiting the Right to Compulsory Process 228Interference with the Right to Compulsory Process 235Index 241.