Introduction xxiv Part I LAN Switching Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics 3 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 3 Foundation Topics 8 Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex 8 RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring 8 Autonegotiation, Speed, and Duplex 9 CSMA/CD 10 Collision Domains and Switch Buffering 10 Basic Switch Port Configuration 11 Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing 14 Types of Ethernet Addresses 16 Ethernet Address Formats 17 Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field 18 Switching and Bridging Logic 19 SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN 22 Core Concepts of SPAN, RSPAN, and ERSPAN 23 Restrictions and Conditions 24 Basic SPAN Configuration 26 Complex SPAN Configuration 26 RSPAN Configuration 26 ERSPAN Configuration 27 Virtual Switch System 28 Virtual Switching System 29 VSS Active and VSS Standby Switch 30 Virtual Switch Link 30 Multichassis EtherChannel (MEC) 31 Basic VSS Configuration 31 VSS Verification Procedures 35 IOS-XE 38 Foundation Summary 41 Memory Builders 44 Fill In Key Tables from Memory 44 Definitions 44 Further Reading 45 Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking 47 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 47 Foundation Topics 51 Virtual LANs 51 VLAN Configuration 51 Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs 52 Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs 55 Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs 56 Modifying the Operational State of VLANs 57 Private VLANs 60 VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q 69 ISL and 802.1Q Concepts 69 ISL and 802.1Q Configuration 71 Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs 76 Trunk Configuration Compatibility 76 Configuring Trunking on Routers 77 802.1Q-in-Q Tunneling 79 VLAN Trunking Protocol 83 VTP Process and Revision Numbers 86 VTP Configuration 89 Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs 94 Storing VLAN Configuration 94 Configuring PPPoE 96 Foundation Summary 99 Memory Builders 101 Fill In Key Tables from Memory 101 Definitions 101 Further Reading 101 Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol 103 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 103 Foundation Topics 107 802.1D Spanning Tree Protocol and Improvements 107 Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root Ports and Designated Ports 109 Electing a Root Switch 110 Determining the Root Port 111 Determining the Designated Port 113 Converging to a New STP Topology 115 Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM 117 Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding 119 Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks 119 STP Configuration and Analysis 124 Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 128 New Port Roles, States and Types, and New Link Types 128 Changes to BPDU Format and Handling 132 Proposal/Agreement Process in RSTP 133 Topology Change Handling in RSTP 136 Rapid Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (RPVST+) 137 Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s 137 MST Principles of Operation 138 Interoperability Between MST and Other STP Versions 141 MST Configuration 144 Protecting and Optimizing STP 148 PortFast Ports 148 Root Guard, BPDU Guard, and BPDU Filter: Protecting Access Ports 149 Protecting Against Unidirectional Link Issues 151 Configuring and Troubleshooting EtherChannels 154 Load Balancing Across Port-Channels 154 Port-Channel Discovery and Configuration 157 Troubleshooting Complex Layer 2 Issues 161 Layer 2 Troubleshooting Process 162 Layer 2 Protocol Troubleshooting and Commands 163 Troubleshooting Using Cisco Discovery Protocol 163 Troubleshooting Using Link Layer Discovery Protocol 165 Troubleshooting Using Basic Interface Statistics 167 Troubleshooting Spanning Tree Protocol 170 Troubleshooting Trunking 171 Troubleshooting VTP 172 Troubleshooting EtherChannels 174 Approaches to Resolving Layer 2 Issues 175 Foundation Summary 177 Memory Builders 179 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 179 Definitions 179 Further Reading 179 Part II IP Networking Chapter 4 IP Addressing 183 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 183 Foundation Topics 187 IP Operation 187 TCP Operation 187 UDP Operation 188 IP Addressing and Subnetting 188 IP Addressing and Subnetting Review 188 Subnetting a Classful Network Number 189 Comments on Classless Addressing 191 Subnetting Math 192 Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address 192 Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses-Binary 193 Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range of IP Addresses 194 Determining All Subnets of a Network-Binary 196 Determining All Subnets of a Network-Decimal 198 VLSM Subnet Allocation 200 Route Summarization Concepts 201 Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Binary 202 Finding Inclusive Summary Routes-Decimal 203 Finding Exclusive Summary Routes-Binary 204 CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT 205 Classless Interdomain Routing 206 Private Addressing 207 Network Address Translation 207 Static NAT 209 Dynamic NAT Without PAT 210 Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation 211 Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration 212 IPv6 214 IPv6 Address Format 215 Network Prefix 215 IPv6 Address Types 216 Address Management and Assignment 216 Static Configuration 217 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 217 Stateful DHCPv6 217 Stateless DHCP 218 IPv6 Transition Technologies 218 Dual Stack 218 Tunneling 219 Translation 220 Foundation Summary 221 Memory Builders 225 Fill in Key Tables from Memory 225 Definitions 225 Further Reading 225 Chapter 5 IP Services 227 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 227 Foundation Topics 232 ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 232 ARP and Proxy ARP 232 RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 233 DHCP 234 HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP 236 Network Time Protocol 240 SNMP 241 SNMP Protocol Messages 243 SNMP MIBs 244 SNMP Security 245 Syslog 245 Web Cache Communication Protocol 246 Implementing the Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreement (IP SLA) Feature 249 Implementing NetFlow 250 Implementing Router IP Traffic Export 252 Implementing Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager 253 Implementing Remote Monitoring 254 Implementing and Using FTP on a Router 255 Implementing a TFTP Server on a Router 256 Implementing Secure Copy Protocol 257 Implementing HTTP and HTTPS Access 257 Implementing Telnet Access 258 Implementing SSH Access 258 Foundation Summary 259 Memory Builders 264 Fill In Key Tables from Memory 264 Definitions 264 Further Reading 264 Part III IP IGP Routing Chapter 6 IP Forwarding (Routing) 267 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 267 Foundation Topics 271 IP Forwarding 271 Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding 272 Load Sharing with CEF and Related Issues 282 Multilayer Switching 286 MLS Logic 286 Using Routed Ports and Port-channels with MLS 287 MLS Configuration 291 Policy Routing 296 Routing Protocol Changes and Migration 299 Planning the Migration Strategy 300 Activating New IGP While Keeping the Current IGP Intact 300 Verifying New IGP Adjacencies and Working Database Contents 301 Deactivating Current IGP 301 Removing New IGP''s Temporary Settings 303 Specifics of Distance-Vector Protocols in IGP Migration 303 Foundation Summary 309 Memory Builders 310 Fill In Key Tables from Memory 310 Definitions 310 Further Reading 310 Chapter 7 RIPv2 and RIPng 313 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 313 Foundation Topics 316 Introduction to Dynamic Routing 316 RIPv2 Basics 318 RIPv2 Convergence and Loop Prevention 320 Converged Steady-State Operation 327 Triggered (Flash) Updates and Poisoned Routes 328 RIPv2 Convergence When Routing Updates Cease 331 Convergence Extras 334 RIPv2 Configuration 334 Enabling RIPv2 and the Effects of Autosummarization 335 RIPv2 Authentication 337 RIPv2 Next-Hop Feature and Split Horizon 338 RIPv2 Offset Lists 338 Route Filtering with Distribute Lists and Prefix Lists 338 RIPng for IPv6 339 Foundation Summary 342 Memory Builders 345 Definitions 345 Further Reading 345 Chapter 8 EIGRP 347 "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz 347 Foundation Topics 356 EIGRP Basics and Evolution 356 EIGRP Roots: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol 357 Moving from IGRP to Enhanced IGRP 358 EIGRP Metrics, Packets, and Adjacencies 360 EIGRP Classic Metrics 360 Bandwidth Metric Component 361 Delay Metric Component 361 Reliability Metric Component 362 Load Metric Component 362 MTU Metric Component 363 Hop Count Metric Component 363 Calculating the Composite Metric 363 EIGRP Wide Metrics 364 Tweaking Interface Metrics to Influence Path Sel.