The seemingly endless forms of life that inhabit our world inspire in us a deep-felt wonder. Could the variety we see before us be directed through mechanisms that can be illuminated through their own errors? The study of abnormal development, such as human trisomy and cyclopia, allows us to explore the mysteries and mechanisms behind normal evolutionary and developmental processes and can provide insight into how morphology changes throughout evolution. By studying the abnormal, we can determine the "normal" morphological and developmental mechanisms in comparison with the associated genetic conditions, better understand the correlations between phenotype and genotype, and explore the applications and implications of these data for medicine and public health. This book is one of the first in a new scientific area named "Evolutionary Developmental Anthropology"; specifically, in this book, human birth defects, rather than mutants of non-human model organisms, are studied to explore both normal and abnormal developmental and evolutionary mechanisms, processes and patterns. Moreover, this multidisciplinary work combines scientific research lead by Rui Diogo, an award winning investigator, with state-of-the-art anatomical and medical illustrations and 3D imaging, done by two award winning young illustrators in the US, Christopher Smith and Julia Molnar. Since the book focuses on both muscular and skeletal birth defects in humans with trisomy and cyclopia, including Down syndrome-one of the most studied human syndromes-it will be of interest to a wide audience, including medical researchers, physicians, surgeons, medical and dental students, pathologists, and pediatricians, among others, while also being of interest to developmental and evolutionary biologists, anatomists, functional morphologists, and zoologists. Book jacket.