Preface Abstract Author Biography Acknowledgements INTRODUCTION In the Beginning Heating System Classification Classification of Heating Modes Auxiliary Techniques FLUID DYNAMICS Introduction Sources of Gases in Furnaces Flow of Gases Importance of Fluid Flow in Heating Classification of Fluid Flow Flow Over Objects Flow Separation Forced Circulation in Enclosures Use of Fans Natural Gas Circulation inside Furnaces Bernoulli''s Theorem of Fluid Flow Frictional Losses in Flow Local Losses Stack Effect Practical Flue System STEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER Introduction Steady State Conduction The Shape Factor Graphical Method for Wall Heat Transfer and Design Convection Forced Convection Natural Convection (Flat Walls) Radiative Heat Transfer Radiation Exchange between Bodies Radiation Screens Radiation Exchange Inside and Outside Furnaces Radiation in Absorbing Media Radiation Loss from Furnace Openings Extended Surfaces TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Introduction Solution by Using Charts Heating Bodies of Finite Size Transient Heating (Cooling) of a Semiinfinite Solid Transient Conduction-Finite Differences Method Application of Finite Difference Method to a Multilayered Wall Concentrated Heat Sources Transient Conduction Graphical Method (Schmidt''s Method) FUELS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Introduction Properties of Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels Biogas Heating (Calorific) Value Calculation of Calorific Value Combustion Air Requirements and Products Solid Waste and Garbage Incomplete Combustion Combustion and Pollution FUEL BURNING DEVICES Introduction Combustion of Liquid Fuels Classification of Oil Burners Burners for Distillate Fuels Preheating of Oils Kinetics of Combustion of Gases Burning Properties of Gases Classification of Gas Burners Flame Stabilization, Ignition, and Detection Atmospheric Gas Burners Nozzle Mixing Gas Burners Radiant Tubes Dual Fuel Burners Packaged Burners Combustion of Solid Waste and Garbage Burner Auxiliaries REFRACTORIES Introduction Classification of Refractories Insulating Refractories and Materials Manufacture of Refractories Refractory Shapes Unshaped Refractory Products Refractory Fibers Properties of Refractories Selection of Refractories METALS AND ALLOYS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS Introduction Mechanical Properties of Metals at High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion Melting Point and Physical Stability Linear Expansion Cast Irons Steels at High Temperature Selection of Metals for High Temperature Application ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING Introduction Indirect Electrical Heating Construction and Placement of Heaters Design of Metallic Elements Nonmetallic Heating Elements Design Calculations for Nonmetallic Elements Direct Resistance (Conductive) Heating (DRH) Stored Energy Heating (SEH) Salt Bath Furnaces HIGH FREQUENCY HEATING Induction heating Dielectric Heating Microwave Heating CONCENTRATED HEAT SOURCES Laser Electron Beam Heating VACUUM ENGINEERING Introduction Units for Vacuum Vacuum Pumps Pumping System Design Conductance and Pumping Speed Baffles and Traps Outgassing Vacuum Pumping (Pressure-Time Relations) Calculation of Pumping Time Measurement of Vacuum PROTECTIVE ATMOSPHERES Introduction Manufactured Atmosphere Pure Gas Atmospheres Heating of Protective Atmosphere Furnace Determination of Atmosphere Consumption Instrumentation for Protective Atmospheres TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Introduction Thermocouple Pyrometers Property Requirements of Thermocouple Materials Practical Thermocouples Cold Junction Compensation Compensating Wires Construction of Thermocouples Selection of Thermocouples Radiation Pyrometry Disappearing Filament Pyrometer Radiation Pyrometers Miscellaneous Temperature-Related Devices Temperature Indicators Temperature Controllers MISCELLANY AND FURTHER Introduction Some Typical Furnaces Incinerators Heat Exchangers Drying Ovens Baking Ovens Fans Some New Materials APPENDICES Appendix A: Pressure Appendix B: Viscosity Appendix C: Thermal Diffusivity Appendix D: Humidity Appendix E: Error Function Appendix F: Properties of Air, Water, Gases Appendix G: Emissivity BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEXon (Flat Walls) Radiative Heat Transfer Radiation Exchange between Bodies Radiation Screens Radiation Exchange Inside and Outside Furnaces Radiation in Absorbing Media Radiation Loss from Furnace Openings Extended Surfaces TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Introduction Solution by Using Charts Heating Bodies of Finite Size Transient Heating (Cooling) of a Semiinfinite Solid Transient Conduction-Finite Differences Method Application of Finite Difference Method to a Multilayered Wall Concentrated Heat Sources Transient Conduction Graphical Method (Schmidt''s Method) FUELS AND THEIR PROPERTIES Introduction Properties of Fuels Liquid Fuels Gaseous Fuels Biogas Heating (Calorific) Value Calculation of Calorific Value Combustion Air Requirements and Products Solid Waste and Garbage Incomplete Combustion Combustion and Pollution FUEL BURNING DEVICES Introduction Combustion of Liquid Fuels Classification of Oil Burners Burners for Distillate Fuels Preheating of Oils Kinetics of Combustion of Gases Burning Properties of Gases Classification of Gas Burners Flame Stabilization, Ignition, and Detection Atmospheric Gas Burners Nozzle Mixing Gas Burners Radiant Tubes Dual Fuel Burners Packaged Burners Combustion of Solid Waste and Garbage Burner Auxiliaries REFRACTORIES Introduction Classification of Refractories Insulating Refractories and Materials Manufacture of Refractories Refractory Shapes Unshaped Refractory Products Refractory Fibers Properties of Refractories Selection of Refractories METALS AND ALLOYS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS Introduction Mechanical Properties of Metals at High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion Melting Point and Physical Stability Linear Expansion Cast Irons Steels at High Temperature Selection of Metals for High Temperature Application ELECTRIC RESISTANCE HEATING Introduction Indirect Electrical Heating Construction and Placement of Heaters Design of Metallic Elements Nonmetallic Heating Elements Design Calculations for Nonmetallic Elements Direct Resistance (Conductive) Heating (DRH) Stored Energy Heating (SEH) Salt Bath Furnaces HIGH FREQUENCY HEATING Induction heating Dielectric Heating Microwave Heating CONCENTRATED HEAT SOURCES Laser Electron Beam Heating VACUUM ENGINEERING Introduction Units for Vacuum Vacuum Pumps Pumping System Design Conductance and Pumping Speed Baffles and Traps Outgassing Vacuum Pumping (Pressure-Time Relations) Calculation of Pumping Time Measurement of Vacuum PROTECTIVE ATMOSPHERES Introduction Manufactured Atmosphere Pure Gas Atmospheres Heating of Protective Atmosphere Furnace Determination of Atmosphere Consumption Instrumentation for Protective Atmospheres TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Introduction Thermocouple Pyrometers Property Requirements of Thermocouple Materials Practical Thermocouples Cold Junction Compensation Compensating Wires Construction of Thermocouples Selection of Thermocouples Radiation Pyrometry Disappearing Filament Pyrometer Radiation Pyrometers Miscellaneous Temperature-Related Devices Temperature Indicators Temperature Controllers MISCELLANY AND FURTHER Introduction Some Typical Furnaces Incinerators Heat Exchangers Drying Ovens Baking Ovens Fans Some New Materials APPENDICES Appendix A: Pressure Appendix B: Viscosity Appendix C: Thermal Diffusivity Appendix D: Humidity Appendix E: Error Function Appendix F: Properties of Air, Water, Gases Appendix G: Emissivity BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX Garbage Incomplete Combustion Combustion and Pollution FUEL BURNING DEVICES Introduction Combustion of Liquid Fuels Classification of Oil Burners Burners for Distillate Fuels Preheating of Oils Kinetics of Combustion of Gases Burning Properties of Gases Classification of Gas Burners Flame Stabilization, Ignition, and Detection Atmospheric Gas Burners Nozzle Mixing Gas Burners Radiant Tubes Dual Fuel Burners Packaged Burners Combustion of Solid Waste and Garbage Burner Auxiliaries REFRACTORIES Introduction Classification of Refractories Insulating Refrac.