Preface ix 1 Review of Essential Statistical Principles 1 1.1 Variables and Types of Data 2 1.2 Significance Tests and Hypothesis Testing 3 1.3 Significance Levels and Type I and Type II Errors 4 1.4 Sample Size and Power 5 1.5 Model Assumptions 6 2 Introduction to SPSS 9 2.1 How to Communicate with SPSS 9 2.2 Data View vs.
Variable View 10 2.3 Missing Data in SPSS: Think Twice Before Replacing Data! 12 3 Exploratory Data Analysis, Basic Statistics, and Visual Displays 19 3.1 Frequencies and Descriptives 19 3.2 The Explore Function 23 3.3 What Should I Do with Outliers? Delete or Keep Them? 28 3.4 Data Transformations 29 4 Data Management in SPSS 33 4.1 Computing a New Variable 33 4.2 Selecting Cases 34 4.
3 Recoding Variables into Same or Different Variables 36 4.4 Sort Cases 37 4.5 Transposing Data 38 5 Inferential Tests on Correlations, Counts, and Means 41 5.1 Computing zScores in SPSS 41 5.2 Correlation Coefficients 44 5.3 A Measure of Reliability: Cohen''s Kappa 52 5.4 Binomial Tests 52 5.5 Chisquare Goodnessoffit Test 54 5.
6 Onesample tTest for a Mean 57 5.7 Twosample tTest for Means 59 6 Power Analysis and Estimating Sample Size 63 6.1 Example Using G*Power: Estimating Required Sample Size for Detecting Population Correlation 64 6.2 Power for Chisquare Goodness of Fit 66 6.3 Power for Independentsamples tTest 66 6.4 Power for Pairedsamples tTest 67 7 Analysis of Variance: Fixed and Random Effects 69 7.1 Performing the ANOVA in SPSS 70 7.2 The FTest for ANOVA 73 7.
3 Effect Size 74 7.4 Contrasts and Post Hoc Tests on Teacher 75 7.5 Alternative Post Hoc Tests and Comparisons 78 7.6 Random Effects ANOVA 80 7.7 Fixed Effects Factorial ANOVA and Interactions 82 7.8 What Would the Absence of an Interaction Look Like? 86 7.9 Simple Main Effects 86 7.10 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) 88 7.
11 Power for Analysis of Variance 90 8 Repeated Measures ANOVA 91 8.1 Oneway Repeated Measures 91 8.2 Twoway Repeated Measures: One Between and One Within Factor 99 9 Simple and Multiple Linear Regression 103 9.1 Example of Simple Linear Regression 103 9.2 Interpreting a Simple Linear Regression: Overview of Output 105 9.3 Multiple Regression Analysis 107 9.4 Scatterplot Matrix 111 9.5 Running the Multiple Regression 112 9.
6 Approaches to Model Building in Regression 118 9.7 Forward, Backward, and Stepwise Regression 120 9.8 Interactions in Multiple Regression 121 9.9 Residuals and Residual Plots: Evaluating Assumptions 123 9.10 Homoscedasticity Assumption and Patterns of Residuals 125 9.11 Detecting Multivariate Outliers and Influential Observations 126 9.12 Mediation Analysis 127 9.13 Power for Regression 129 10 Logistic Regression 131 10.
1 Example of Logistic Regression 132 10.2 Multiple Logistic Regression 138 10.3 Power for Logistic Regression 139 11 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and Discriminant Analysis 141 11.1 Example of MANOVA 142 11.2 Effect Sizes 146 11.3 Box''s M Test 147 11.4 Discriminant Function Analysis 148 11.5 Equality of Covariance Matrices Assumption 152 11.
6 MANOVA and Discriminant Analysis on Three Populations 153 11.7 Classification Statistics 159 11.8 Visualizing Results 161 11.9 Power Analysis for MANOVA 162 12 Principal Components Analysis 163 12.1 Example of PCA 163 12.2 Pearson''s 1901 Data 164 12.3 Component Scores 166 12.4 Visualizing Principal Components 167 12.
5 PCA of Correlation Matrix 170 13 Exploratory Factor Analysis 175 13.1 The Common Factor Analysis Model 175 13.2 The Problem with Exploratory Factor Analysis 176 13.3 Factor Analysis of the PCA Data 176 13.4 What Do We Conclude from the Factor Analysis? 179 13.5 Scree Plot 180 13.6 Rotating the Factor Solution 181 13.7 Is There Sufficient Correlation to Do the Factor Analysis? 182 13.
8 Reproducing the Correlation Matrix 183 13.9 Cluster Analysis 184 13.10 How to Validate Clusters? 187 13.11 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 188 14 Nonparametric Tests 191 14.1 Independent samples: Mann-Whitney U 192 14.2 Multiple Independentsamples: Kruskal-Wallis Test 193 14.3 Repeated Measures Data: The Wilcoxon Signedrank Test and Friedman Test 194 14.4 The Sign Test 196 Closing Remarks and Next Steps 199 References 201 Index 203.