Foreword / xii About the Author / xiv Introduction / xvi Chapter 1 The Working Drawings / 1 The Role of the Drawings / 1 Design Development / 1 Organization of the Working Drawings / 2 Title Block / 4 Graphic Formats Used in Drawings / 5 Drawing Conventions / 7 Conclusion / 13 Chapter 2 Understanding the Specifications / 14 The Role of the Specifications / 14 Organizing Specifications by CSI MasterFormat / 15 The Project Manual / 19 Conflicts Between Drawings and Specifications / 27 Modifications to the Contract Documents / 27 Conclusion / 30 Chapter 3 Calculating Linear Measure, Area, and Volume / 31 Units of Measure / 31 Decimal Equivalents / 31 Linear Measurement / 32 Angles / 33 Area and Square Measure / 34 Volume and Cubic Measure / 37 Conclusion / 39 Chapter 4 The Quantity Takeoff and Pricing / 41 Reviewing the Documents / 41 Beginning the Quantity Takeoff / 42 Rules to Follow for Accurate Takeoffs / 43 Accounting for Waste / 49 Other Factors That Affect Quantities / 50 The Unit Price Estimate / 55 Pricing the Quantities / 58 Submitting a Bid / 60 Conclusion / 60 Chapter 5 Understanding Material and Labor Costs / 61 Materials / 61 Labor / 62 Indirect Overhead / 67 Profit / 68 Conclusion / 68 Chapter 6 General Requirements / 69 Fixed and Variable Costs / 70 Identifying General Requirements Cost Items / 73 Applying Prices to General Requirements Items / 73 Conclusion / 74 Chapter 7 Existing Conditions / 75 Assessment / 75 Subsurface Investigation / 76 Demolition and Structure Moving / 77 Remediation / 81 Existing Condition Drawings / 87 Conclusion / 88 Chapter 8 Concrete / 89 Concrete Materials / 90 Ready-Mixed Concrete / 91 Formwork / 91 Flatwork / 100 Expansion Joints / 102 Control Joints / 103 Curing and Sealing / 104 Reinforcement / 105 Precast Concrete / 109 Cementitious Decks / 110 Embedded Items / 110 Vapor Barriers and Rigid Insulation / 112 Conclusion / 113 Chapter 9 Masonry / 114 Mortar / 115 Brick / 116 Concrete Masonry Units (CMU) / 126 Stone / 129 Masonry Reinforcement / 133 Grout / 136 Masonry Anchors and Ties / 138 Masonry Restoration / 139 Masonry Cleaning / 141 Masonry Insulation / 142 Flashings / 142 Cutting Masonry Units / 143 Items Furnished by Other Trades / 145 Control Joints / 145 Incidentals for Fireplace and Chimney Construction / 146 Freight of Masonry Units / 147 Staging and Scaffolding for Masonry Work / 148 Cleanup / 149 Masonry Sealing / 150 Conclusion / 150 Chapter 10 Metals / 151 Structural Steel / 151 Open-Web Steel Joists / 155 Metal Decking Structure / 159 Light-Gauge Metal Framing (LGMF) / 160 Studs and Track / 162 Miscellaneous and Ornamental Metals / 163 Miscellaneous Costs / 169 Conclusion / 172 Chapter 11 Wood, Plastics, and Composites / 173 Rough Carpentry and Framing / 174 Finish Carpentry / 196 Architectural Millwork / 198 Structural Plastics / 200 Casework and Cabinetry / 200 Conclusion / 203 Chapter 12 Thermal and Moisture Protection / 204 Waterproofing / 204 Dampproofing / 206 Insulation / 207 Vapor Barriers / 210 Air Infiltration Barriers / 211 Exterior Siding / 212 Roofing / 215 Fire-Stop Systems and Sprayed Fireproofing / 234 Expansion Joints / 236 Conclusion / 237 Chapter 13 Openings / 238 Architectural Drawings / 238 Hollow Metal Frames and Doors / 242 Wood Doors and Frames / 245 Sliding Glass Doors / 246 Special Doors / 249 General Notes on Estimating Doors / 252 Overhead and Coiling Doors / 252 Entrances and Storefronts / 253 Wood and Plastic Windows / 256 Metal Windows / 257 General Notes on Windows / 258 Roof Windows and Skylights / 259 Finish Hardware / 260 Glass and Glazing / 263 Louvers and Vents / 264 Conclusion / 265 Chapter 14 Finishes / 266 Plaster Systems / 267 Gypsum Wallboard Systems / 268 Gypsum Sheathing and Underlayments / 270 Metal Stud Framing and Furring / 271 Tile / 275 Waterproof Membrane for Tile / 279 Acoustical Ceiling Systems / 281 Flooring / 285 Acoustical Treatment / 292 Painting / 294 High-Performance Coatings / 297 Wallcoverings / 297 Green or Sustainable Products / 303 Conclusion / 304 Chapter 15 Specialties / 305 Interior Specialties / 305 Exterior Specialties / 306 Taking-off Quantities / 307 Conclusion / 308 Chapter 16 Equipment, Furnishings, Special Construction, and Conveying Equipment / 309 Division 11--Equipment / 309 Division 12--Furnishings / 313 Division 13--Special Construction / 319 Division 14--Conveying Equipment / 324 Conclusion / 330 Chapter 17 Fire Suppression / 331 Fire Suppression Systems / 332 Conclusion / 337 Chapter 18 Plumbing / 342 Plumbing Systems / 343 Conclusion / 358 Chapter 19 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) / 359 Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems / 360 Conclusion / 374 Chapter 20 Integrated Automation / 376 Integrated Automation Systems / 376 Conclusion / 379 Chapter 21 Electrical Systems / 380 Electrical Labor / 382 Raceways / 382 Conductors and Grounding / 383 Wiring Devices and Boxes / 385 Starters, Boards, and Switches / 388 Lighting / 392 Emergency Lighting and Devices / 393 Equipment Hookups / 395 Miscellaneous Electrical Work / 397 Conclusion / 398 Chapter 22 Communications, Electronic Safety, and Security / 399 Communications and Electronic Safety and Security / 399 Labor / 406 Conclusion / 408 Chapter 23 Earthwork / 409 Civil Drawings / 409 Site Clearing/Site Preparation / 412 Excavation and Backfill / 414 Erosion and Sedimentation Control / 424 Shoring and Underpinning / 425 Special Foundations and Load-Bearing Elements / 427 Miscellaneous Considerations / 429 Conclusion / 429 Chapter 24 Exterior Improvements / 430 Civil Drawings / 430 Bases for Paving / 432 Flexible Paving / 433 Rigid Paving / 436 Curbs / 439 Paving/Parking Specialties / 441 Site Improvements / 443 Landscaping / 446 Labor for Exterior Improvements / 449 Miscellaneous Considerations / 449 Conclusion / 449 Chapter 25 Utilities / 450 Civil Drawings / 450 Water Utilities / 452 Water Supply Wells / 454 Sanitary Sewerage Utilities / 455 Storm Drainage Utilities / 460 Electrical/Communications Utilities / 466 Miscellaneous Considerations / 469 Conclusion / 469 Chapter 26 Profit and Contingencies / 470 Profit / 470 Contingencies / 475 Conclusion / 477 Chapter 27 Estimating by Computer / 478 Estimating Software / 479 Quantity Takeoff Software / 489 Project Overhead Summary Sheets / 489 Conclusion / 489 Chapter 28 Conceptual Estimating / 492 Conceptual Estimating / 492 Conclusion / 496 Index / 497.