Preface: The landscape of smart cities ix 1 Moving beyond the smart city utopia 1.1 Utopian urbanism 1 1.2 Smart cities and the new utopia 7 1.3 Making sense of smart cities: Aim and structure of this book 9 References 13 2 Smart city development as an ICT-driven approach to urban sustainability 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Cities in the digital era: Emerging technological trends 22 2.2.1 Faster, cheaper, smaller: The evolutionary process in the ICT sector 24 2.

2.2 Intangible: The virtual image of cities 26 2.2.3 Everywhere: Mobility, ubiquity, and the Internet of Things 29 2.2.4 Volume, velocity, and variety: Data production in the digital era 32 2.3 Smart stories: Deploying ICT to boost urban sustainability 33 2.3.

1 Facilitating the sustainable management of natural resources 35 2.3.2 Ensuring equal access to basic services and infrastructures 39 2.3.3 Improving food security 40 2.3.4 Promoting environmentally sound waste management and reducing waste generation 40 2.3.

5 Improving the resilience of cities to natural disasters 41 2.4 The smart city movement is worldwide 42 References 46 3 The first two decades of research on smart city development 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Bibliometrics and the analysis of knowledge domains 60 3.3 The first two decades of smart-city research 64 3.3.1 New and fast-growing 64 3.3.

2 Lack of cohesion 65 3.3.3 Divergent roots 660 3.3.4 Two leading knowledge hubs 70 3.4 A promising but divided research field 78 3.5 The need to act in concert 79 References 80 4 Revealing the main development paths of smart cities 4.1 Introduction 89 4.

2 Hybrid techniques for thematic cluster analysis 90 4.3 Research methodology and results of the data processing phase 93 4.4 Multiple smart city development paths 99 4.4.1 Experimental path (C.02): Smart cities as testbeds for IoT solutions 100 4.4.2 Ubiquitous path (C.

05): The Korean experience of ubiquitous cities 103 4.4.3 Corporate path (C.08): IBM and the corporate smart city model 105 4.4.4 European path (C.14): Smart city for a low-carbon economy 106 4.4.

5 Holistic path (C.17): Digital, intelligent, smart 108 4.5 The dichotomous nature of smart city research 110 4.5.1 Dichotomy 1: Technology-led or holistic? 111 4.5.2 Dichotomy 2: Top-down or bottom-up? 118 4.5.

3 Dichotomy 3: Double or quadruple-helix? 119 4.5.4 Dichotomy 4: Monodimensional or integrated? 120 References 121 5 Smart city development in Europe 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Hypothesis testing with case study research: Phase 1 137 5.3 A multiple case study analysis into European best practices 144 5.3.1 Dichotomy 1: Technology-led or holistic strategy 144 5.

3.2 Dichotomy 2: Double- or quadruple-helix model of collaboration 147 5.3.3 Dichotomy 3: Top-down or bottom-up approach 150 5.3.4 Dichotomy 4: Monodimensional or integrated intervention logic 152 5.4 Strategic principles for smart city development: Lessons from Europe 153 5.4.

1 Strategic principle 1: Look beyond technology 156 5.4.2 Strategic principle 2: Move toward a quadruple-helix collaborative model 156 5.4.3 Strategic principle 3: Combine top-down (government-led) and bottom-up (community-driven) 157 5.4.4 Strategic principle 4: Build a strategic framework 159 5.4.

5 Strategic principle 5: Boost the digital transformation by establishing a smart city accelerator 159 5.4.6 Strategic principle 6: Adopt an integrated intervention logic 160 5.5 Toward a smart-city knowledge platform 161 References 162 6 Smart city development in North America 6.1 The architecture of smart cities 171 6.2 Hypothesis testing with case study research: Phase 2 174 6.3 Smart city development in New York City 184 6.3.

1 Building Block A: Collaborative environment 188 6.3.2 Building Block B: Strategic framework 196 6.3.3 Building Block C: Network infrastructure 202 6.3.4 Building Block D: ICT services and applications 205 6.4 Extending the generalization 206 6.

4.1 Philadelphia, Quebec City, Mexico City and Seattle 207 6.4.2 Camden 208 6.4.3 Kansas City 209 References 209 7 The social shaping of smart cities 7.1 Smart cities and the dynamics of expectations 215 7.2 Separating the hype from reality: Key lessons and recommendations 218 7.

2.1 Reframing smart city research 218 7.2.2 Smart cities as complex adaptive systems for urban innovation 221 7.2.3 Strategizing and operationalizing the smart city 224 References 228 Appendix A 235 Appendix B 263 Appendix C 267 Appendix D 373 Index 399.