Preface xxiii About the Book xxv About the Author xxvii Common Abbreviations and Acronyms xxix 1 An Overview of Cancer 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Cancer Statistics 1 1.3 Differences Between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells 2 1.4 Types of Cancer 4 1.4.1 Carcinomas 4 1.4.
2 Sarcomas 4 1.4.3 Leukemias 4 1.4.4 Lymphomas 4 1.5 The Role of Genes and Chromosomes 5 1.6 Genetic Mutations 7 1.6.
1 Acquired Mutations 7 1.6.2 Germline Mutations 7 1.7 Genes Connected to Cancer 7 1.7.1 Tumor Suppressor Genes 7 1.7.2 Oncogenes 8 1.
7.3 DNA Repair Genes 8 1.8 Tumors and Metastasis 9 1.9 Hereditary Cancer Risk 10 1.10 Cancer Screening and Diagnosis 10 1.10.1 Colon Cancer 11 1.10.
2 Lung Cancer 11 1.10.3 Breast/Cervical/Ovarian/Endometrial Cancers 11 1.10.4 Prostate Cancer 12 1.10.5 Liver Cancer 12 1.10.
6 Skin Cancer 12 1.11 Cancer Treatment Options 13 1.11.1 Surgery 13 1.11.2 Radiation Therapy 13 1.11.3 Chemotherapy 14 1.
11.4 Targeted Therapy 14 1.11.5 Immunotherapy 14 1.11.6 Hormone Therapy 14 1.11.7 Stem Cell Transplant 15 1.
11.8 Precision Medicine 15 References 15 2 Cancer Risk Factors and Prevention 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Hormones 21 2.3 Immunosuppression and Infectious Agents 22 2.4 Chronic, Long-term, DNA-damaging Inflammation 23 2.5 Being Overweight/Obese 23 2.6 Eating to Win 24 2.
6.1 Vegetables 26 2.6.2 Fruits 26 2.6.3 Grains 26 2.6.4 Proteins 26 2.
6.5 Bread 26 2.6.6 Cereal 26 2.6.7 Dairy 26 2.6.8 Snacks 26 2.
6.9 Beverages 26 2.6.10 Spices 27 2.7 Role of Sugar and Artificial Sweeteners on Cancer 27 2.8 Role of Certain Foods and Drinks on Cancer 27 2.8.1 Processed Meat and Fish 27 2.
8.2 Alcohol 28 2.9 Role of Smoking or Tobacco Use on Cancer 29 2.10 Role of Radiation on Cancer 30 2.11 Role of Sunlight and UV Radiation on Cancer 31 2.12 Role of Radon on Cancer 33 2.13 Known Human Carcinogens 33 2.13.
1 Arsenic, Coal Tar, Coal-tar Pitch, Diesel, Asbestos, Formaldehyde, and Air Pollutants 33 2.13.2 Certain Types of Plastic 37 2.13.3 Acrylamide 37 2.14 Possible Human Carcinogens 39 2.15 Guidelines for Early Detection of Cancer 39 References 40 Further Reading 50 3 Bladder Cancer 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.
2 Genes Associated with Bladder Cancer 51 3.3 Types of Bladder Cancer 51 3.4 Symptoms of Bladder Cancer 52 3.5 Diagnosis 52 3.6 Methods of Treatment 53 3.6.1 Surgical Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) 53 3.6.
2 Radiation Therapy 53 3.6.3 Photodynamic Therapy 53 3.6.4 Chemotherapy 53 3.6.5 Targeted Therapy 53 3.6.
6 Immunotherapy 53 3.7 Treatment Regimens 54 3.8 Risk Factors/Possible Prevention 57 References 57 4 Cancers of the Blood 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Genes Associated with Blood Cancer 67 4.3 Types of Blood Cancers 68 4.4 Blood Cancer Symptoms 70 4.5 Diagnosis 70 4.
6 Methods of Treatment 70 4.6.1 Stem Cell Transplantation 71 4.6.2 Targeted Radiation Therapy 71 4.6.3 Chemotherapy 71 4.6.
4 Targeted Drug Therapy 71 4.7 List of Drugs for Different Types of Blood Cancers 71 4.7.1 Drugs for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 71 4.7.2 Drugs for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) 71 4.7.3 Drugs for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia 72 4.
7.4 Drugs for Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) 72 4.7.5 Drugs for Hairy Cell Leukemia 72 4.7.6 Drug(s) for Mast Cell Leukemia 72 4.7.7 Drug(s) for Meningeal Leukemia 72 4.
7.8 Drugs for Hodgkin Lymphoma 72 4.7.9 Drugs for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma 72 4.7.10 Drugs for Multiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Neoplasms 73 4.8 Leukemia Treatment regimens 73 4.8.
1 Treatment Regimens for Acute Lymphocytic (Lymphoblastic) Leukemia (ALL) 73 4.8.2 Acute Myeloid (or Myelogenous) Leukemia (AML) Treatment Regimens 76 4.8.3 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Treatment Regimens 80 4.8.4 Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Treatment Regimens 83 4.8.
5 Hairy Cell Leukemia Treatment Regimens 85 4.9 Hodgkin''s Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 85 4.10 Non-Hodgkin''s Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 89 4.11 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 96 4.12 Primary CNS Lymphoma Treatment Regimens 97 4.13 Multiple Myeloma Treatment Regimen 98 4.14 Risk Factors and Possible Preventions 105 References 105 5 Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.
2 Genes Associated with Brain Cancer 133 5.3 Types of Primary Brain Tumors for Adults 133 5.3.1 Astrocytoma 134 5.3.2 Oligodendroglioma 135 5.3.3 Meningioma 135 5.
4 Types of Brain Cancer for Children 135 5.4.1 Medulloblastoma 135 5.4.2 Grade I or II Astrocytoma 135 5.4.3 Ependymoma 135 5.4.
4 Brainstem Glioma 135 5.5 Brain Tumor Symptoms 136 5.6 Diagnosis 136 5.6.1 Neurological Exam 136 5.6.2 Imaging Tests 136 5.6.
3 Biopsy 137 5.7 Methods of Treatment 137 5.7.1 Surgery 137 5.7.2 Radiation Therapy 137 5.7.3 Radiosurgery 137 5.
7.4 Chemotherapy 137 5.7.5 Targeted Drug Therapy 138 5.8 Treatment Regimens 138 5.9 Post-Treatment Rehabilitation 141 5.10 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 141 References 142 6 Breast Cancer 151 6.1 Introduction 151 6.
2 Genes Associated with Breast Cancer (Pathophysiology) 151 6.3 Describing Breast Cancer 151 6.4 Breast Cancer Symptoms 153 6.5 Diagnosis 153 6.5.1 Breast Examination 153 6.5.2 Imaging Tests 153 6.
5.3 Biopsy 153 6.6 Methods of Treatment 154 6.6.1 Surgery 154 6.6.1.1 Lumpectomy 154 6.
6.1.2 Mastectomy 154 6.6.1.3 Sentinel Node Biopsy 154 6.6.1.
4 Axillary Lymph Node Dissection 154 6.6.1.5 Reconstruction 154 6.6.2 Radiation Therapy 154 6.6.3 Chemotherapy 155 6.
6.4 Hormone-Blocking Therapy 155 6.6.5 Targeted Therapy 155 6.6.6 Immunotherapy 155 6.6.7 Abbreviations for a Chemotherapy Combination Used to Treat Breast Cancer 156 6.
6.8 Drugs to Prevent Breast Cancer 156 6.7 Drugs for Breast Cancer in Men 156 6.8 Treatment Regimens 157 6.8.1 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2-Negative Breast Cancer 157 6.8.2 Preoperative/Adjuvant Therapy Regimens for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer 160 6.
8.3 Systemic Therapy for ER- and/or PR-Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: HER2-Negative and Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression 162 6.8.4 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/ Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2-Negative Disease 165 6.8.5 Systemic Therapy for ER- and/or PR-Positive Recurrent or Stage IV (M1) Disease: Regimens for HER2-Positive Postmenopausal or Premenopausal Receiving Ovarian Ablation or Suppression 169 6.8.6 Systemic Therapy Regimens for Recurrent/Unresectable/Advanced/ Metastatic Stage IV Breast Cancer: Regimens for HER2-Positive Disease 172 6.
9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 176 References 177 7 Colorectal Cancer 193 7.1 Introduction 193 7.2 Genes Associated with Colorectal Cancer 193 7.3 Colorectal Cancer Symptoms 193 7.4 Stages 195 7.5 Diagnosis 195 7.6 Methods of Treatment 195 7.6.
1 Surgery 196 7.6.2 Radiation Therapy 196 7.6.3 Chemotherapy 196 7.6.4 Targeted Therapy 196 7.6.
5 Immunotherapy 196 7.7 Drugs to Anal Cancer 197 7.8 Drugs to Prevent Anal Cancer 197 7.8.1 Treatment Regimens for Colorectal Cancer: Adjuvant/Advanced/Metastatic Disease 197 7.8.2 Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Disease 198 7.8.
3 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Regimens for Localized Stage 205 7.8.4 Treatment Regimens for Anal Cancer: Metastatic Stage 205 7.9 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 207 References 207 8 Cervical Cancer 219 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Causes of Cervical Cancer 219 8.3 Symptoms of Cervical Cancer 219 8.4 Diagnosis 220 8.
5 Methods of Treatment 221 8.5.1 Surgery 221 8.5.2 Radiation Therapy 221 8.5.3 Chemotherapy 221 8.5.
4 Targeted Therapy 221 8.5.5 Immunotherapy 221 8.6 Vaccines to Prevent Cervical Cancer 221 8.7 Treatment Regimens: Systemic Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer 222 8.8 Risk Factors/Possible Preventions 225 References 225 9 Kidney Cancer 233 9.1 Introduction 233 9.2 Genes Associated with Kidney Cancer 233 9.
3 Types of Kidney Cancer 234 9.4 Kidney Cancer Symptoms 234 9.5 Diagnosis 234 9.5.1 Urine Tests 235 9.5.2 Blood Tests 235 9.5.
3 Biopsy 235 9.5.4 Intravenous Pyelogram 235 9.5.5 Ultrasound 235 9.5.6 Computed Tomography Scan 235 9.5.
7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 235 9.5.8 Renal Arteriogram 235 9.6 Kidney Cancer Stages 236 9.7 Methods of Treatment 236 9.7.1 Simple Nephrectomy 236 9.7.
2 Partial Nephrectomy 236 9.7.3 Radical Nephrectomy 237 9.7.4 Radiofrequency Ablation 237 9.7.5 Arterial Embolization 237 9.7.
6 Cr.